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VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 07:52, 15 November 2021

For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click here
For COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D. Ayesha Javid, MBBS [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Cardiac arrest, In-hospital cardiac arrest, IHCA, Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, OHCA, Covid-19, SARS-COV-2, Ventricular arrhythmia, pulseless electrical activity, Asystole, Return Of Spontaneouse Circulation, ROSC

Overview

SARS-COV2 which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) led to global pandemic on March 11, 2020, is an enveloped B-coronavirus transmitted via respiratory droplets, attached via viral spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2 receptor) causing clinical asyndrome of coronavirus disease 2019. Severe covid-19 may progress to develope acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular complications, shock, and death. Cardiac arrest is often unexpected and acute event may present in every hospitalized patient. Abnormal vital signs can be the predictos of in-hospital cardiac arrest. During the outbreak of covid-19, there were increase reports of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), out-of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), lower rate of successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and increased mortality. 30-days mortality in covid-19 patients was increased 3.4 fold in OHCA and 2.3 fold in IHCA compared with pre-pandemic period. survival of in-hospital cardiac arrest was poor. Factors related to restricted or delay access to emergency care, late presentation of ACS or heart failure in hospital, avoidance of witness CPR in public due to fear contracting covid-19, as well as the side effects of drugs and thrombotic complications related to covid-19 led to higher incidence of cardiac arrest during covid-19 pandemic.

Historical Perspective

In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak first appeared in China, Wuhan.^[1]
In January 2020, the first COVID-19 case was documented in the United States.^[2]
On February 20, 2020, the first case of COVID-19 was documented in the Province of Lodi in Italy.^[3]
In April 2020, an increase of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy by Dr.Enrico Baldi.^[4]

Classification

Cardiac arrest associated with COVID-19 may be classified into three subtypes:^[5]

Pulseless electrical activity (49.8%)
Bradyarrhythmia and asystolic arrest (23.8%)
Ventricular tachycardia(8.3%)
Ventricular fibrillation(3.8%)

Causes

The potential causes of ventricular tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in COVID-19 include:^[6]

Hypercytokinemia
Administration of drugs causing QT interval prolongation such as hydroxychloroquine ± azithromycin, lopinavir, and ritonavir^[7]

Concurrent use of drugs causing QT interval prolongation, such as antiemetics,fluoroquinolones,SSRIs
Electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia
High-risk comorbidity condition such as Congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Inherited arrhythmia syndromes
Increased sympathetic activity
Inhibition of CYP450
Direct myocardial injury or SARS-COV-2 myocarditis
Acute cardiac events (acute coronary syndrome, decompensated heart failure, arrhythmia)
Thromboembolic events related to COVID-19 (pulmonary embolism, acute coronary syndrome)^[8]
Hypoxia

Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of cardiac arrest associated with COVID-19 is characterized by cytokine storm, especially elevation of IL-6.^[9]
IL-6 directly blocks hERG/K_v11.1 potassium channels and causes action potential depolarization(APD) prolongation and ventricular repolarization.
IL-6 induces hyperactivity of cardiac sympathetic nerve.
Hypoxia causes myocardial injury and ventricular repolarization.
IL-6 inhibits cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in metabolism of some QTc prolongation drugs.^[10]
Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir inhibit HERG-K⁺ channel and increase both ventriculat repolarization and the level of other QTc prolongation drugs.^[10]
Hydroxychloroquine inhibits CYP2D6 (cytochrome P450 2D6) ,then the level of antipsychotics,antidepressants and antihistamins increase.^[10]
Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 (cytochrome P450 3A4), then the level of azols antifungals, macrolides (particulary azithromycin), antidepressants,antihistamines, fluoroquinolones increase.^[10]
Intrinsic genetic susceptibility (Ser1103Tyr-SCN5A) in African-Americans COVID-19 patients has been associated with increased risk of Torsades de pointes arrhythmia.^[11]

Differentiating inherited cardiac arrest from other causes of cardiac arrest

To view the differential diagnosis of COVID-19-associated cardiac arrest click here.
To view the differential diagnosis of COVID-19 click here.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

The incidence of out-of hospital cardiac arrest was estimated to be 10,000 cases per 100,000 covid-19 patients.^[12]
The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest was estimated to be 16,000 per 100,000 covid-19 patients.

Mortality

There is a significant increase in the mortality rate of the OHCA in covid-19 patients.^[13]

Age

The mean age observed among patients who experienced out-of-hospital Sudden cardiac arrest (OHCA) is 69.7 years.^[13] .

Gender

Studies showed that males have a slightly higher incidence of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest (OHCA) as compared to the females.^[13]

Race

A higher incidence has been seen among African-Americans as compared to Caucasians.^[14]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of arrhythmia and cardiac arrest in COVID-19 are:^[15]
- Fever
- Stress
- Electrolytes disturbances
- Side effect of medications
- Age ≥65
- Male gender

Factors associated with increased out of hospital cardiac arrest during covid-19 pandemic include: ^[12]
Increased non-shockable rhythm at home

Restricted or delay access to emergency care

Longer response time by EMS due to increased workload

Delay seeking medical care due to fear contracting covid-19 in hospital

Decrease hospitalization of ACS and heart failure due to fear contracting covid-19 in hospital leading to increased severity of acute coronary syndrome and heart failure and cardiac arrest

Screening

To view screening for COVID-19, click here.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

The proportion of patients who developed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and was affected by aggravation of underlying comorbidities, late presentation of acute STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction) due to fear of being infected in hospital, and avoidance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in public due to fear of infection.^[16]^[17]
In the setting of in-hospital cardiac arrest, Only 12% of patients survived to hospital discharged after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and only 7% of patients discharged with normal or mildly impaired neurologic status.
30-days mortality in covid-19 patients was increased 3.4 fold in OHCA and 2.3 fold in IHCA, compared with prepandemic period.^[18]
Prognosis was poor in critically ill Covid-19 patients with pulseless electrical activity or asystole, patients older than 80 years with comorbidities.^[5]'.^[19]
Survival rate after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the pandemic was 8.8%.
Mortality rate of patients with COVID-19 is approximately 1-2%^[20]

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of sudden cardiac death is made when the following diagnostic criteria are met:

Prodromes phase occurring weeks or months before an event includes: new or worsening cardiovascular symptoms(chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, fatigability)
Onset of terminal event occurring one hour before cardiac arrest includes: abrupt change in clinical status(arrhythmia, hypotension, chest pain, dyspnea, lightheadness)
Cardiac arrest includes: sudden collapse, loss of effective circulation, loss of consciousness
Biologic death: failure of resuscitatio n or failure of electrical, mechanical, or CNS function after initial resuscitation

Symptoms

Symptoms before cardiac arrest in COVID-19 may include the following:

Physical Examination

There is no specific finding associated with physical examination with cardiac arrest in COVID-19.

Laboratory Findings

An elevated concentration of serum cardiac troponinI was detected in severe COVID-19 patients with cardiac complications. ^[21]

Imaging Findings

There are no imaging study findings associated with cardiac arrest in COVID-19.

Electrocardiogram

Findings on EKG during in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) with COVID-19 infection include:^[19]
- Asystole (89.7%)
- Pulseless electrical activity (4.4%)
- Shockable rhythm (5.9%)

Another study showed the most common EKG findings during inhospital cardiac arrest was pulseless electrical activity(49.8%), asystole(23.8%), shockable rhthm(12.6%).^[5]
Other abnormal EKG findings include QT prolongation. ECG shows corrected QT interval (QTc) more than 500 ms.

Treatment

The mainstay of therapy for COVID-19-related cardiac arrest is cardiopulmonary resuscitation with attention to the following points:^[22]
- Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) before entering the room or on the scene.
- Limiting the personnel in the room or on the scene
- Using high-efficacy particulate air filter for ventilator
- Intubating with a cuffed tube
- Stopping chest compression for intubation
- Using bag-mask device before intubation
- Using non-rebreathing face mask instead of bag-mask for short term oxygenation

Prevention

Effective measures for the primary prevention of ventricular arrhythmia during using hydroxychloroquine in the setting of long QT syndrome or aquired LQTS or heart rate <50/min or receiving azithromycin, remdesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, include EKG and QTc measurement.^[15]

If QTc ≥500 ms, consult with a cardiologist.
If QTc<500ms, start hydroxychloroquine and repeat EKG after 1-3 days.
After starting the first dose of hydroxychloroquine, If any of the following factors were present repeat EKG after 4 hours:
- QTc≥500mse
- Increased QTc>60ms
- Ventricular ectopy
Treatment of hypokalemia due to diarrhea associated COVID-19 ,which prolonges QT interval is another measurement to be considered.
Effective measures for the primary prevention of ventricular arrhythmia in brugada syndrome is starting acetaminophen or parastamol immediately if there is sign of fever and also self-isolation.

References

↑ Liu, Yen-Chin; Kuo, Rei-Lin; Shih, Shin-Ru (2020). "COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history". Biomedical Journal. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007. ISSN 2319-4170.
↑ Sayre, Michael R.; Barnard, Leslie M.; Counts, Catherine R.; Drucker, Christopher J.; Kudenchuk, Peter J.; Rea, Thomas D.; Eisenberg, Mickey S. (2020). "Prevalence of COVID-19 in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Implications for Bystander CPR". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048951. ISSN 0009-7322.
↑ Baldi, Enrico; Sechi, Giuseppe M.; Mare, Claudio; Canevari, Fabrizio; Brancaglione, Antonella; Primi, Roberto; Klersy, Catherine; Palo, Alessandra; Contri, Enrico; Ronchi, Vincenza; Beretta, Giorgio; Reali, Francesca; Parogni, Pierpaolo; Facchin, Fabio; Bua, Davide; Rizzi, Ugo; Bussi, Daniele; Ruggeri, Simone; Oltrona Visconti, Luigi; Savastano, Simone (2020). "Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2010418. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C, Canevari F, Brancaglione A, Primi R, Klersy C, Palo A, Contri E, Ronchi V, Beretta G, Reali F, Parogni P, Facchin F, Bua D, Rizzi U, Bussi D, Ruggeri S, Oltrona Visconti L, Savastano S (July 2020). "Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy". N Engl J Med. 383 (5): 496–498. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2010418. PMC 7204428 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32348640 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Hayek, Salim S; Brenner, Samantha K; Azam, Tariq U; Shadid, Husam R; Anderson, Elizabeth; Berlin, Hanna; Pan, Michael; Meloche, Chelsea; Feroz, Rafey; O’Hayer, Patrick; Kaakati, Rayan; Bitar, Abbas; Padalia, Kishan; Perry, Daniel; Blakely, Pennelope; Gupta, Shruti; Shaefi, Shahzad; Srivastava, Anand; Charytan, David M; Bansal, Anip; Mallappallil, Mary; Melamed, Michal L; Shehata, Alexandre M; Sunderram, Jag; Mathews, Kusum S; Sutherland, Anne K; Nallamothu, Brahmajee K; Leaf, David E (2020). "In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study". BMJ: m3513. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3513. ISSN 1756-1833.
↑ Giudicessi JR, Roden DM, Wilde A, Ackerman MJ (May 2020). "Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans". Heart Rhythm. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045. PMC 7198426 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32380288 Check |pmid= value (help). Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Mehra, Mandeep R; Desai, Sapan S; Ruschitzka, Frank; Patel, Amit N (2020). "RETRACTED: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis". The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6. ISSN 0140-6736.
↑ Klok, F.A.; Kruip, M.J.H.A.; van der Meer, N.J.M.; Arbous, M.S.; Gommers, D.A.M.P.J.; Kant, K.M.; Kaptein, F.H.J.; van Paassen, J.; Stals, M.A.M.; Huisman, M.V.; Endeman, H. (2020). "Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19". Thrombosis Research. 191: 145–147. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013. ISSN 0049-3848.
↑ Lazzerini, Pietro Enea; Laghi-Pasini, Franco; Boutjdir, Mohamed; Capecchi, Pier Leopoldo (2018). "Cardioimmunology of arrhythmias: the role of autoimmune and inflammatory cardiac channelopathies". Nature Reviews Immunology. 19 (1): 63–64. doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0098-z. ISSN 1474-1733.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 Driggin, Elissa; Madhavan, Mahesh V.; Bikdeli, Behnood; Chuich, Taylor; Laracy, Justin; Biondi-Zoccai, Giuseppe; Brown, Tyler S.; Der Nigoghossian, Caroline; Zidar, David A.; Haythe, Jennifer; Brodie, Daniel; Beckman, Joshua A.; Kirtane, Ajay J.; Stone, Gregg W.; Krumholz, Harlan M.; Parikh, Sahil A. (2020). "Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 75 (18): 2352–2371. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031. ISSN 0735-1097.
↑ Giudicessi JR, Noseworthy PA, Friedman PA, Ackerman MJ (June 2020). "Urgent Guidance for Navigating and Circumventing the QTc-Prolonging and Torsadogenic Potential of Possible Pharmacotherapies for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)". Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (6): 1213–1221. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.024. PMC 7141471 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32359771 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Sandroni C, Skrifvars MB, Nolan JP (2021). "The impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology, outcome and management of cardiac arrest". Intensive Care Med. 47 (5): 602–604. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06369-3. PMC 7904033 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33629117 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C; et al. (2020). "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study". Lancet Public Health. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1. PMC 7255168 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32473113 PMID: 32473113 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Giudicessi JR, Roden DM, Wilde AAM, Ackerman MJ (2020). "Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans". Heart Rhythm. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045. PMC 7198426 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32380288 PMID: 32380288 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Wu CI, Postema PG, Arbelo E, Behr ER, Bezzina CR, Napolitano C, Robyns T, Probst V, Schulze-Bahr E, Remme CA, Wilde A (March 2020). "SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and inherited arrhythmia syndromes". Heart Rhythm. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.024. PMC 7156157 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32244059 Check |pmid= value (help). Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Tam, Chor-Cheung Frankie; Cheung, Kent-Shek; Lam, Simon; Wong, Anthony; Yung, Arthur; Sze, Michael; Lam, Yui-Ming; Chan, Carmen; Tsang, Tat-Chi; Tsui, Matthew; Tse, Hung-Fat; Siu, Chung-Wah (2020). "Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak on ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care in Hong Kong, China". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 13 (4). doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006631. ISSN 1941-7713.
↑ Scquizzato, Tommaso; Olasveengen, Theresa Mariero; Ristagno, Giuseppe; Semeraro, Federico (2020). "The other side of novel coronavirus outbreak: Fear of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation". Resuscitation. 150: 92–93. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.03.019. ISSN 0300-9572.
↑ Sultanian P, Lundgren P, Strömsöe A, Aune S, Bergström G, Hagberg E; et al. (2021). "Cardiac arrest in COVID-19: characteristics and outcomes of in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A report from the Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation". Eur Heart J. 42 (11): 1094–1106. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1067. PMC 7928992 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33543259 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, Xu Z, Lyu J, Ng M, Cui H, Yu C, Zhang Q, Sun P, Tang Z (June 2020). "In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China". Resuscitation. 151: 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.005. PMC 7151543 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32283117 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui D, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS (April 2020). "Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China". N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (18): 1708–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMC 7092819 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32109013 Check |pmid= value (help). Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Paul P (May 2020). "Cardiac Troponin-I may be a predictor of complications and mortality in COVID-19 patients". Curr Med Res Pract. doi:10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.05.001. PMC 7204698 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32382587 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Edelson, Dana P.; Sasson, Comilla; Chan, Paul S.; Atkins, Dianne L.; Aziz, Khalid; Becker, Lance B.; Berg, Robert A.; Bradley, Steven M.; Brooks, Steven C.; Cheng, Adam; Escobedo, Marilyn; Flores, Gustavo E.; Girotra, Saket; Hsu, Antony; Kamath-Rayne, Beena D.; Lee, Henry C.; Lehotsky, Rebecca E.; Mancini, Mary E.; Merchant, Raina M.; Nadkarni, Vinay M.; Panchal, Ashish R.; Peberdy, Mary Ann R.; Raymond, Tia T.; Walsh, Brian; Wang, David S.; Zelop, Carolyn M.; Topjian, Alexis A.; Starks, Monique Anderson; Bobrow, Bentley J.; Chan, Melissa; Berg, Katherine; Duff, Jonathan P.; Joyner, Benny L.; Lasa, Javier J.; Levy, Arielle; Mahgoub, Melissa; O’Connor, Michael F.; Hoover, Amber V.; Rodriguez, Amber J.; Meckler, Garth; Roberts, Kathryn; Mohr, Nicholas M.; Nassar, Boulos; Rubinson, Lewis; Sutton, Robert M.; Schexnayder, Stephen M.; Kleinman, Monica; de Caen, Allan; Morgan, Ryan; Bhanji, Farhan; Fuchs, Susan; Terry, Mark; McBride, Mary; Levy, Michael; Cabanas, Jose G.; Tan, David K.; Moitra, Vivek K.; Szokol, Joseph W. (2020). "Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19". Circulation. 141 (25). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463. ISSN 0009-7322.

Template:WS Template:WH

[LiuKuo2020-1] Liu, Yen-Chin; Kuo, Rei-Lin; Shih, Shin-Ru (2020). "COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history". Biomedical Journal. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007. ISSN 2319-4170.

[SayreBarnard2020-2] Sayre, Michael R.; Barnard, Leslie M.; Counts, Catherine R.; Drucker, Christopher J.; Kudenchuk, Peter J.; Rea, Thomas D.; Eisenberg, Mickey S. (2020). "Prevalence of COVID-19 in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Implications for Bystander CPR". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048951. ISSN 0009-7322.

[BaldiSechi2020-3] Baldi, Enrico; Sechi, Giuseppe M.; Mare, Claudio; Canevari, Fabrizio; Brancaglione, Antonella; Primi, Roberto; Klersy, Catherine; Palo, Alessandra; Contri, Enrico; Ronchi, Vincenza; Beretta, Giorgio; Reali, Francesca; Parogni, Pierpaolo; Facchin, Fabio; Bua, Davide; Rizzi, Ugo; Bussi, Daniele; Ruggeri, Simone; Oltrona Visconti, Luigi; Savastano, Simone (2020). "Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2010418. ISSN 0028-4793.

[pmid32348640-4] Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C, Canevari F, Brancaglione A, Primi R, Klersy C, Palo A, Contri E, Ronchi V, Beretta G, Reali F, Parogni P, Facchin F, Bua D, Rizzi U, Bussi D, Ruggeri S, Oltrona Visconti L, Savastano S (July 2020). "Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy". N Engl J Med. 383 (5): 496–498. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2010418. PMC 7204428 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32348640 Check |pmid= value (help).

[HayekBrenner2020-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Hayek, Salim S; Brenner, Samantha K; Azam, Tariq U; Shadid, Husam R; Anderson, Elizabeth; Berlin, Hanna; Pan, Michael; Meloche, Chelsea; Feroz, Rafey; O’Hayer, Patrick; Kaakati, Rayan; Bitar, Abbas; Padalia, Kishan; Perry, Daniel; Blakely, Pennelope; Gupta, Shruti; Shaefi, Shahzad; Srivastava, Anand; Charytan, David M; Bansal, Anip; Mallappallil, Mary; Melamed, Michal L; Shehata, Alexandre M; Sunderram, Jag; Mathews, Kusum S; Sutherland, Anne K; Nallamothu, Brahmajee K; Leaf, David E (2020). "In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study". BMJ: m3513. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3513. ISSN 1756-1833.

[pmid32380288-6] Giudicessi JR, Roden DM, Wilde A, Ackerman MJ (May 2020). "Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans". Heart Rhythm. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045. PMC 7198426 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32380288 Check |pmid= value (help). Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[MehraDesai2020-7] Mehra, Mandeep R; Desai, Sapan S; Ruschitzka, Frank; Patel, Amit N (2020). "RETRACTED: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis". The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6. ISSN 0140-6736.

[KlokKruip2020-8] Klok, F.A.; Kruip, M.J.H.A.; van der Meer, N.J.M.; Arbous, M.S.; Gommers, D.A.M.P.J.; Kant, K.M.; Kaptein, F.H.J.; van Paassen, J.; Stals, M.A.M.; Huisman, M.V.; Endeman, H. (2020). "Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19". Thrombosis Research. 191: 145–147. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013. ISSN 0049-3848.

[LazzeriniLaghi-Pasini2018-9] Lazzerini, Pietro Enea; Laghi-Pasini, Franco; Boutjdir, Mohamed; Capecchi, Pier Leopoldo (2018). "Cardioimmunology of arrhythmias: the role of autoimmune and inflammatory cardiac channelopathies". Nature Reviews Immunology. 19 (1): 63–64. doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0098-z. ISSN 1474-1733.

[DrigginMadhavan2020-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 Driggin, Elissa; Madhavan, Mahesh V.; Bikdeli, Behnood; Chuich, Taylor; Laracy, Justin; Biondi-Zoccai, Giuseppe; Brown, Tyler S.; Der Nigoghossian, Caroline; Zidar, David A.; Haythe, Jennifer; Brodie, Daniel; Beckman, Joshua A.; Kirtane, Ajay J.; Stone, Gregg W.; Krumholz, Harlan M.; Parikh, Sahil A. (2020). "Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 75 (18): 2352–2371. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031. ISSN 0735-1097.

[pmid32359771-11] Giudicessi JR, Noseworthy PA, Friedman PA, Ackerman MJ (June 2020). "Urgent Guidance for Navigating and Circumventing the QTc-Prolonging and Torsadogenic Potential of Possible Pharmacotherapies for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)". Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (6): 1213–1221. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.024. PMC 7141471 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32359771 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmid33629117-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Sandroni C, Skrifvars MB, Nolan JP (2021). "The impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology, outcome and management of cardiac arrest". Intensive Care Med. 47 (5): 602–604. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06369-3. PMC 7904033 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33629117 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmidPMID:_32473113-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C; et al. (2020). "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study". Lancet Public Health. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1. PMC 7255168 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32473113 PMID: 32473113 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmidPMID:_32380288-14] Giudicessi JR, Roden DM, Wilde AAM, Ackerman MJ (2020). "Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans". Heart Rhythm. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045. PMC 7198426 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32380288 PMID: 32380288 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmid32244059-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Wu CI, Postema PG, Arbelo E, Behr ER, Bezzina CR, Napolitano C, Robyns T, Probst V, Schulze-Bahr E, Remme CA, Wilde A (March 2020). "SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and inherited arrhythmia syndromes". Heart Rhythm. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.024. PMC 7156157 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32244059 Check |pmid= value (help). Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[TamCheung2020-16] Tam, Chor-Cheung Frankie; Cheung, Kent-Shek; Lam, Simon; Wong, Anthony; Yung, Arthur; Sze, Michael; Lam, Yui-Ming; Chan, Carmen; Tsang, Tat-Chi; Tsui, Matthew; Tse, Hung-Fat; Siu, Chung-Wah (2020). "Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak on ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care in Hong Kong, China". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 13 (4). doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006631. ISSN 1941-7713.

[ScquizzatoOlasveengen2020-17] Scquizzato, Tommaso; Olasveengen, Theresa Mariero; Ristagno, Giuseppe; Semeraro, Federico (2020). "The other side of novel coronavirus outbreak: Fear of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation". Resuscitation. 150: 92–93. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.03.019. ISSN 0300-9572.

[pmid33543259-18] Sultanian P, Lundgren P, Strömsöe A, Aune S, Bergström G, Hagberg E; et al. (2021). "Cardiac arrest in COVID-19: characteristics and outcomes of in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A report from the Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation". Eur Heart J. 42 (11): 1094–1106. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1067. PMC 7928992 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33543259 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmid32283117-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, Xu Z, Lyu J, Ng M, Cui H, Yu C, Zhang Q, Sun P, Tang Z (June 2020). "In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China". Resuscitation. 151: 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.005. PMC 7151543 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32283117 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmid32109013-20] Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui D, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS (April 2020). "Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China". N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (18): 1708–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMC 7092819 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32109013 Check |pmid= value (help). Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[pmid32382587-21] Paul P (May 2020). "Cardiac Troponin-I may be a predictor of complications and mortality in COVID-19 patients". Curr Med Res Pract. doi:10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.05.001. PMC 7204698 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32382587 Check |pmid= value (help).

[EdelsonSasson2020-22] Edelson, Dana P.; Sasson, Comilla; Chan, Paul S.; Atkins, Dianne L.; Aziz, Khalid; Becker, Lance B.; Berg, Robert A.; Bradley, Steven M.; Brooks, Steven C.; Cheng, Adam; Escobedo, Marilyn; Flores, Gustavo E.; Girotra, Saket; Hsu, Antony; Kamath-Rayne, Beena D.; Lee, Henry C.; Lehotsky, Rebecca E.; Mancini, Mary E.; Merchant, Raina M.; Nadkarni, Vinay M.; Panchal, Ashish R.; Peberdy, Mary Ann R.; Raymond, Tia T.; Walsh, Brian; Wang, David S.; Zelop, Carolyn M.; Topjian, Alexis A.; Starks, Monique Anderson; Bobrow, Bentley J.; Chan, Melissa; Berg, Katherine; Duff, Jonathan P.; Joyner, Benny L.; Lasa, Javier J.; Levy, Arielle; Mahgoub, Melissa; O’Connor, Michael F.; Hoover, Amber V.; Rodriguez, Amber J.; Meckler, Garth; Roberts, Kathryn; Mohr, Nicholas M.; Nassar, Boulos; Rubinson, Lewis; Sutton, Robert M.; Schexnayder, Stephen M.; Kleinman, Monica; de Caen, Allan; Morgan, Ryan; Bhanji, Farhan; Fuchs, Susan; Terry, Mark; McBride, Mary; Levy, Michael; Cabanas, Jose G.; Tan, David K.; Moitra, Vivek K.; Szokol, Joseph W. (2020). "Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19". Circulation. 141 (25). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463. ISSN 0009-7322.

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 __NOTOC__
-{{COVID-19}}
+{{SI}}
+{{Main|COVID-19}}
 '''For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click [[COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions|here]]'''<br>
 '''For COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions, click [[COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions|here]]'''<br>
 {{SI}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AyeshaFJ}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Sara Zand|Sara Zand, M.D.]] {{AyeshaFJ}}
+{{SK}} Cardiac arrest, In-hospital cardiac arrest, IHCA, Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, OHCA, Covid-19, SARS-COV-2, Ventricular arrhythmia, pulseless electrical activity, Asystole, Return Of Spontaneouse Circulation, ROSC
 ==Overview==
-The [[sudden cardiac death]] is [[defined]] as the natural [[death]]  from cardiac causes developed by abrupt loss of consciousness  within one hour of onset of acute change in cardiovascular status. Preexisting heart disease may or may not present at the time of cardiac arrest.  Prodromes  signs and symptoms  of  deterioration of cardiovascular status  may occur weeks or months before an events. Sudden onset of chest pain, dyspnea or palpitations  and other symptoms of arrhythmia may precede the onset of cardiac arrest. If cardiopulmonary  resuscitation fails to rescue the circulation, biologic death may occur within minutes to weeks.
+[[SARS-COV2]] which causes [[coronavirus disease 2019]] ([[covid-19]]) led to global [[pandemic]] on March 11, 2020, is an enveloped B-[[coronavirus]] transmitted via [[respiratory]] droplets, attached via viral [[spike protein]] to [[angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor]] ([[ACE2 receptor]]) causing [[clinical asyndrome]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]]. Severe [[covid-19]] may progress to develope [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], [[cardiovascular]] [[complications]], [[shock]], and [[death]]. [[Cardiac arrest]] is  often unexpected  and acute event may present in every hospitalized [[patient]]. Abnormal [[vital signs]] can be the predictos of [[in-hospital cardiac arrest]]. During the outbreak of [[covid-19]], there were increase reports of [[in-hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]] ([[IHCA]]), [[out-of hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]] ([[OHCA]]), lower rate of successful [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] ([[CPR]]), and increased [[mortality]]. 30-days [[mortality]] in [[covid-19]] [[patients]] was increased 3.4 fold in [[OHCA]] and 2.3 fold in [[IHCA]] compared with pre-pandemic period. [[survival]] of [[in-hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]] was poor. Factors related to restricted or delay access to emergency care, late presentation of [[ACS]] or [[heart failure]] in hospital, avoidance of witness [[CPR]] in public due to fear contracting [[covid-19]], as well as the side effects of [[drugs]] and [[thrombotic]] [[complications]] related to [[covid-19]] led to higher [[incidence]] of [[cardiac arrest]] during [[covid-19]] pandemic.
 ==Historical Perspective==
-* In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak first appeared in China, Wuhan.<ref name="LiuKuo2020">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Yen-Chin|last2=Kuo|first2=Rei-Lin|last3=Shih|first3=Shin-Ru|title=COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history|journal=Biomedical Journal|year=2020|issn=23194170|doi=10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007}}</ref>
+* In December 2019, the [[COVID-19]] outbreak first appeared in China, Wuhan.<ref name="LiuKuo2020">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Yen-Chin|last2=Kuo|first2=Rei-Lin|last3=Shih|first3=Shin-Ru|title=COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history|journal=Biomedical Journal|year=2020|issn=23194170|doi=10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007}}</ref>
-* On February 20, 2020, the first case of COVID-19 was documented in Lodi Province of Italy.<ref name="BaldiSechi2020">{{cite journal|last1=Baldi|first1=Enrico|last2=Sechi|first2=Giuseppe M.|last3=Mare|first3=Claudio|last4=Canevari|first4=Fabrizio|last5=Brancaglione|first5=Antonella|last6=Primi|first6=Roberto|last7=Klersy|first7=Catherine|last8=Palo|first8=Alessandra|last9=Contri|first9=Enrico|last10=Ronchi|first10=Vincenza|last11=Beretta|first11=Giorgio|last12=Reali|first12=Francesca|last13=Parogni|first13=Pierpaolo|last14=Facchin|first14=Fabio|last15=Bua|first15=Davide|last16=Rizzi|first16=Ugo|last17=Bussi|first17=Daniele|last18=Ruggeri|first18=Simone|last19=Oltrona Visconti|first19=Luigi|last20=Savastano|first20=Simone|title=Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|year=2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2010418}}</ref>
+*In January 2020, the first [[COVID-19]] case was documented in the United States.<ref name="SayreBarnard2020">{{cite journal|last1=Sayre|first1=Michael R.|last2=Barnard|first2=Leslie M.|last3=Counts|first3=Catherine R.|last4=Drucker|first4=Christopher J.|last5=Kudenchuk|first5=Peter J.|last6=Rea|first6=Thomas D.|last7=Eisenberg|first7=Mickey S.|title=Prevalence of COVID-19 in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Implications for Bystander CPR|journal=Circulation|year=2020|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048951}}</ref>
-* In April 2020, An increase in out of hospital cardiac arrest was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic.
+* On February 20, 2020, the first case of [[COVID-19]] was documented in the Province of Lodi in Italy.<ref name="BaldiSechi2020">{{cite journal|last1=Baldi|first1=Enrico|last2=Sechi|first2=Giuseppe M.|last3=Mare|first3=Claudio|last4=Canevari|first4=Fabrizio|last5=Brancaglione|first5=Antonella|last6=Primi|first6=Roberto|last7=Klersy|first7=Catherine|last8=Palo|first8=Alessandra|last9=Contri|first9=Enrico|last10=Ronchi|first10=Vincenza|last11=Beretta|first11=Giorgio|last12=Reali|first12=Francesca|last13=Parogni|first13=Pierpaolo|last14=Facchin|first14=Fabio|last15=Bua|first15=Davide|last16=Rizzi|first16=Ugo|last17=Bussi|first17=Daniele|last18=Ruggeri|first18=Simone|last19=Oltrona Visconti|first19=Luigi|last20=Savastano|first20=Simone|title=Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|year=2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2010418}}</ref>
-*In January 2020, the first COVID-19 case was documented in the United States.<ref name="SayreBarnard2020">{{cite journal|last1=Sayre|first1=Michael R.|last2=Barnard|first2=Leslie M.|last3=Counts|first3=Catherine R.|last4=Drucker|first4=Christopher J.|last5=Kudenchuk|first5=Peter J.|last6=Rea|first6=Thomas D.|last7=Eisenberg|first7=Mickey S.|title=Prevalence of COVID-19 in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Implications for Bystander CPR|journal=Circulation|year=2020|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048951}}</ref>
+* In April 2020, an increase of [[out-of-hospital cardiac arrest]] was reported during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic in Italy by Dr.Enrico Baldi.<ref name="pmid32348640">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C, Canevari F, Brancaglione A, Primi R, Klersy C, Palo A, Contri E, Ronchi V, Beretta G, Reali F, Parogni P, Facchin F, Bua D, Rizzi U, Bussi D, Ruggeri S, Oltrona Visconti L, Savastano S |title=Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=383 |issue=5 |pages=496–498 |date=July 2020 |pmid=32348640 |pmc=7204428 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2010418 |url=}}</ref>
 ==Classification==
-Cardiac arrest associated covid19 may be classified  into  three subtypes:
+[[Cardiac arrest]] associated with [[COVID-19]] may be classified into three subtypes:<ref name="HayekBrenner2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hayek|first1=Salim S|last2=Brenner|first2=Samantha K|last3=Azam|first3=Tariq U|last4=Shadid|first4=Husam R|last5=Anderson|first5=Elizabeth|last6=Berlin|first6=Hanna|last7=Pan|first7=Michael|last8=Meloche|first8=Chelsea|last9=Feroz|first9=Rafey|last10=O’Hayer|first10=Patrick|last11=Kaakati|first11=Rayan|last12=Bitar|first12=Abbas|last13=Padalia|first13=Kishan|last14=Perry|first14=Daniel|last15=Blakely|first15=Pennelope|last16=Gupta|first16=Shruti|last17=Shaefi|first17=Shahzad|last18=Srivastava|first18=Anand|last19=Charytan|first19=David M|last20=Bansal|first20=Anip|last21=Mallappallil|first21=Mary|last22=Melamed|first22=Michal L|last23=Shehata|first23=Alexandre M|last24=Sunderram|first24=Jag|last25=Mathews|first25=Kusum S|last26=Sutherland|first26=Anne K|last27=Nallamothu|first27=Brahmajee K|last28=Leaf|first28=David E|title=In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study|journal=BMJ|year=2020|pages=m3513|issn=1756-1833|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3513}}</ref>
-.Pulseless electerical activity
+* [[Pulseless electrical activity]] (49.8%)
+* [[Bradyarrhythmia]] and [[asystolic]] arrest (23.8%)
-. bradyarrhythmia and asystolic arrest
+* [[Ventricular tachycardia]](8.3%)
+* [[Ventricular fibrillation]](3.8%)
-.letal tachyarrhythmia
+==Causes==
+The potential [[causes]] of [[ventricular tachyarrhythmia]] and [[sudden cardiac death]] in [[COVID-19]] include:<ref name="pmid32380288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giudicessi JR, Roden DM, Wilde AAM, Ackerman MJ |title=Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2020 |pmid=32380288 |pmc=7198426 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045 |url=}}</ref>
+* Hypercytokinemia
+* Administration of drugs causing [[QT interval]] prolongation  such as [[hydroxychloroquine]]  ± [[azithromycin]], [[lopinavir]], and [[ritonavir]]<ref name="MehraDesai2020">{{cite journal|last1=Mehra|first1=Mandeep R|last2=Desai|first2=Sapan S|last3=Ruschitzka|first3=Frank|last4=Patel|first4=Amit N|title=RETRACTED: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis|journal=The Lancet|year=2020|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6}}</ref>
+*Concurrent use of drugs causing [[QT interval]] prolongation, such as antiemetics,[[fluoroquinolones]],[[SSRIs]]
+*Electrolyte abnormalities such as [[hypokalemia]] and [[hypomagnesemia]]
+*High-risk comorbidity condition such as [[Congestive heart failure]], [[chronic kidney disease]], [[diabetes mellitus]], and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Inherited arrhythmia syndromes]]
+*
+*Increased [[sympathetic]] activity
+* Inhibition of [[CYP450]]
+* Direct myocardial injury or [[SARS-CoOV-2|SARS-COV-2]] [[myocarditis]]
+*Acute cardiac events ([[acute coronary syndrome]], [[decompensated heart failure]], arrhythmia)
+* Thromboembolic events related to [[COVID-19]] ([[pulmonary embolism]], [[acute coronary syndrome]])<ref name="KlokKruip2020">{{cite journal|last1=Klok|first1=F.A.|last2=Kruip|first2=M.J.H.A.|last3=van der Meer|first3=N.J.M.|last4=Arbous|first4=M.S.|last5=Gommers|first5=D.A.M.P.J.|last6=Kant|first6=K.M.|last7=Kaptein|first7=F.H.J.|last8=van Paassen|first8=J.|last9=Stals|first9=M.A.M.|last10=Huisman|first10=M.V.|last11=Endeman|first11=H.|title=Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19|journal=Thrombosis Research|volume=191|year=2020|pages=145–147|issn=00493848|doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013}}</ref>
+*[[Hypoxia]]
 ==Pathophysiology==
-<br />
+* The [[pathogenesis]] of [[cardiac arrest]] associated with [[COVID-19]] is characterized by cytokine storm, especially elevation of [[IL-6]].<ref name="LazzeriniLaghi-Pasini2018">{{cite journal|last1=Lazzerini|first1=Pietro Enea|last2=Laghi-Pasini|first2=Franco|last3=Boutjdir|first3=Mohamed|last4=Capecchi|first4=Pier Leopoldo|title=Cardioimmunology of arrhythmias: the role of autoimmune and inflammatory cardiac channelopathies|journal=Nature Reviews Immunology|volume=19|issue=1|year=2018|pages=63–64|issn=1474-1733|doi=10.1038/s41577-018-0098-z}}</ref>
+* [[IL-6]] directly blocks hERG/K<sub>v</sub>11.1 [[potassium channels]] and causes [[APD prolongation|action potential depolarization(APD) prolongation]] and [[ventricular repolarization]].
-* The pathogenesis of cardiac arrest associated covid-19 is characterized by  cytokine storm, especially elevation of IL-6   '''doi: 10.1038/s41577-018-0098-z'''
+* [[IL-6]] induces hyperactivity of [[cardiac]] sympathetic nerve.
-* IL-6  directely  blocks  hERG/K<sub>v</sub>11.1 potassium channels  and causes APD prolongation and ventricular repolarization.
+*[[Hypoxia]] causes myocardial injury and ventricular repolarization.
-* IL-6  induces hyperactivity of cardiac sympathetic nerve'''.doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw208MedlineGoogle Sch'''
+*[[IL-6]] inhibits cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in metabolism of some [[QTc]] prolongation drugs.<ref name="DrigginMadhavan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Driggin|first1=Elissa|last2=Madhavan|first2=Mahesh V.|last3=Bikdeli|first3=Behnood|last4=Chuich|first4=Taylor|last5=Laracy|first5=Justin|last6=Biondi-Zoccai|first6=Giuseppe|last7=Brown|first7=Tyler S.|last8=Der Nigoghossian|first8=Caroline|last9=Zidar|first9=David A.|last10=Haythe|first10=Jennifer|last11=Brodie|first11=Daniel|last12=Beckman|first12=Joshua A.|last13=Kirtane|first13=Ajay J.|last14=Stone|first14=Gregg W.|last15=Krumholz|first15=Harlan M.|last16=Parikh|first16=Sahil A.|title=Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=75|issue=18|year=2020|pages=2352–2371|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031}}</ref>
-* IL-6 inhibits cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in matobolism of some QTc prolongation drugs.'''doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031'''
+* <nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Hydroxychloroquine]] and [[lopinavir/ritonavir]]  inhibit [[HERG-K+ channe|HERG-K<sup>+</sup> channe]]<nowiki/>l and increase  both ventriculat repolarization and  the level of other QTc prolongation drugs.'''<ref name="DrigginMadhavan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Driggin|first1=Elissa|last2=Madhavan|first2=Mahesh V.|last3=Bikdeli|first3=Behnood|last4=Chuich|first4=Taylor|last5=Laracy|first5=Justin|last6=Biondi-Zoccai|first6=Giuseppe|last7=Brown|first7=Tyler S.|last8=Der Nigoghossian|first8=Caroline|last9=Zidar|first9=David A.|last10=Haythe|first10=Jennifer|last11=Brodie|first11=Daniel|last12=Beckman|first12=Joshua A.|last13=Kirtane|first13=Ajay J.|last14=Stone|first14=Gregg W.|last15=Krumholz|first15=Harlan M.|last16=Parikh|first16=Sahil A.|title=Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=75|issue=18|year=2020|pages=2352–2371|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031}}</ref>
-* Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir  inhibit hERG-K<sup>+</sup> channel and induce  both ventriculat repolarization and  the level of other QT prolongation drugs'''doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031'''
+*[[Hydroxychloroquine]] inhibits [[CYP2D6]] ([[cytochrome P450]] 2D6) ,then the level of [[antipsychotics]],[[antidepressants]] and [[antihistamins]] increase.'''<ref name="DrigginMadhavan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Driggin|first1=Elissa|last2=Madhavan|first2=Mahesh V.|last3=Bikdeli|first3=Behnood|last4=Chuich|first4=Taylor|last5=Laracy|first5=Justin|last6=Biondi-Zoccai|first6=Giuseppe|last7=Brown|first7=Tyler S.|last8=Der Nigoghossian|first8=Caroline|last9=Zidar|first9=David A.|last10=Haythe|first10=Jennifer|last11=Brodie|first11=Daniel|last12=Beckman|first12=Joshua A.|last13=Kirtane|first13=Ajay J.|last14=Stone|first14=Gregg W.|last15=Krumholz|first15=Harlan M.|last16=Parikh|first16=Sahil A.|title=Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=75|issue=18|year=2020|pages=2352–2371|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031}}</ref>
-* Hydroxychloroquine inhibit CYP2D6 (cytochrome P450 2D6) ,then the level of antipsychotics,antidepressants and antihistamins increase'''.doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031'''
+*[[Ritonavir]] inhibits [[CYP3A4]] ([[cytochrome P450 3A4]]), then the level of [[azols antifungals]], [[macrolides]] (particulary [[azithromycin]]), [[antidepressants]],[[antihistamines]], [[fluoroquinolones]] increase.'''<ref name="DrigginMadhavan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Driggin|first1=Elissa|last2=Madhavan|first2=Mahesh V.|last3=Bikdeli|first3=Behnood|last4=Chuich|first4=Taylor|last5=Laracy|first5=Justin|last6=Biondi-Zoccai|first6=Giuseppe|last7=Brown|first7=Tyler S.|last8=Der Nigoghossian|first8=Caroline|last9=Zidar|first9=David A.|last10=Haythe|first10=Jennifer|last11=Brodie|first11=Daniel|last12=Beckman|first12=Joshua A.|last13=Kirtane|first13=Ajay J.|last14=Stone|first14=Gregg W.|last15=Krumholz|first15=Harlan M.|last16=Parikh|first16=Sahil A.|title=Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=75|issue=18|year=2020|pages=2352–2371|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031}}</ref>'''
-* Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 (cytochrome P450 3A4), then the level of azols antifungals, macrolides (particulary azithromycin),antidepressants,antihistamines,fluoroquinolones increase.'''doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031'''
+* Intrinsic genetic susceptibility ([[Ser1103Tyr-SCN5A]]) in African-Americans [[COVID-19]] patients has been associated with increased risk of [[Torsades de pointes]] [[arrhythmia]].<ref name="pmid32359771">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giudicessi JR, Noseworthy PA, Friedman PA, Ackerman MJ |title=Urgent Guidance for Navigating and Circumventing the QTc-Prolonging and Torsadogenic Potential of Possible Pharmacotherapies for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=95 |issue=6 |pages=1213–1221 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32359771 |pmc=7141471 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.024 |url=}}</ref>
-* intrinsic genetic susceptibility (ie, p.Ser1103Tyr-SCN5A) in african americans covid-19 patients has been associated  with increased risk of  torsade points arrhythmia '''PMID:            32359771'''
-<br />
-==Causes==
-he causes of  ventricular tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in covid-19  are caracterized by:'''PMID: 32380288'''
-.Environmental risk factors include:
-* covid-19 directed QTc  prolongation drugs( hydroxychloroquin  ± azithromycin and lupinavir/ritonavir)
-* Concurrent use of QT prolongation drug (anti -emetics,floroquinolones,SSRIs)
-* Electrolitise abnormalities(hypokelemia and hypomagnesemia)
-. Internistics risk factors includes:
-* High risk comorbidity condition(CHF,CKD,DM,COPD)
-* Ages≥65,male gender
-* inherited arrhythmia syndromes
-. Other mechanisms include:
-* hypoxia  causes ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death by myocardial injuries and increased in late I /NA
-* exaggerated immune response ( IL-6 increased the proportion of action potential duration/ QTc)
-* increased sympathetic activity
-* inhition of CYP450
-* direct myocardial injury(SARS-COV-2 myocarditis
-== Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases[edit | edit source] ==
-* differentiation diagnosis of inherited cardiac arrest in covid19 patients include:
-{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
-!Inherited causes of cardiac arrest  and malignant arrhythmia associated covid-19
-!long QT syndrome
-!BRUGADA syndrome
-!short QT syndrome
-!cathecolaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachaycardia
-|-
-|mechanism of arrhythmia
-|mutation in ''KCNQ1'', ''KCNH2'', and ''SCN5A'')
-block potassium current and prolongation of  ventricular repolarization induces  EAD and '''PMID:''' '''16412861'''
-|PMID:            '''27423412'''
-loss of function in SCN5A in %30 of patients
-|mutation in potassium channel genes ''KCNH2'', ''KCNQ1'', and ''KCNJ2'' and SLC4A3
-|mutation in RYR2
-'''PMID''':            '''23390049'''
-|-
-|EKG finding
-|QTc>450ms in men
-QTc>470ms in women
-PMID: 20642543
-|coved-type ST-segment elevation
-and T-wave inversion
-in lead V<sub>1</sub> and/or V<sub>2</sub>)
-|QTc<360 msec
-|
-|-
-|risk factors related to covid-19
-|1.using hydroxychloquine  and chloroquine 2. using CYP3a4 inhibitore that  increases
-hydroxychloroquine level  include;lupinavir,ritonavir .
-azithromycin
-. hydroxychloquine does not result'''PMID:            17646028'''
-significant  prolonged QT  in cases without LQTS
-. fever:'''PMID:            18551196'''
-causes QT prolongation and cardiac arrest  in Long QTS type2 in the setting of septic shock in covid-19.
-<br />
-|1.fever may increased PR interval, QRS width, and the maximum J point in patients with BrS'''PMID:'''            '''18678856'''
-. fever increases the risk of cardiac arrest in BrS
-. Risk of life threatening arrythmia in BrS related to fever was (65%)higher in young patients less than 5 year old (%65)PMID:            '''29649615''' and %25 in patients older than 70 year old
-|1.There is no risk of arrhythmia when patients affected by covid19.
-|
-# epinephrine, isoproterenol, and dobutamine, all α and/or B1 receptor agonists induce ventricular arrhythmia and should be avoided
-.fever is not the risk factor of arrhythmia
-|-
-|symptoms
-|torsade de pointes  and fatal ventricular arrhythmia
-|ventricular fibrilation and sudden cardiac death
-|syncope,ventricular fibrillation, sudden cardiac death
-|ventricular arrhythmia during exercise and stress related to covid-19
-|-
-|management
-|do not use ≥ one drugs inducing  prolongation of QT interval in the setting of  LQTc and covid-19
-|1.controlling the fever with parastamol
-.ECG monitoring untill resolving type1 brugada pattern
-. self isolation
-|2. hydroxychloroquine may prolonge QTinterval and useful in treatment of SQTS type 1 (''KCNH2''-related) and type 3 (''KCNJ2'' related PMID:            '''30441573'''
-|1.do not use epinephrine in the setting of ventricular arrhythmia
-. flecainide is treatment of choice without any interaction with lopinavir, ritonavir and chloroquine.
-|}
+== Differentiating inherited cardiac arrest from other causes of cardiac arrest ==
+* To view the differential diagnosis of COVID-19-associated cardiac arrest [[COVID-19 associated cardiac arrest differential diagnosis|click here]].
+* To view the differential diagnosis of [[COVID-19]] [[COVID-19 differential diagnosis|click here]].
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 ===Incidence===
+* The [[incidence]] of out-of hospital [[cardiac arrest]] was estimated to be 10,000 cases per 100,000 [[covid-19]] [[patients]].<ref name="pmid33629117">{{cite journal| author=Sandroni C, Skrifvars MB, Nolan JP| title=The impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology, outcome and management of cardiac arrest. | journal=Intensive Care Med | year= 2021 | volume= 47 | issue= 5 | pages= 602-604 | pmid=33629117 | doi=10.1007/s00134-021-06369-3 | pmc=7904033 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33629117  }} </ref>
-*There is a two-times rise in the [[incidence]] of Out of [[hospital]] [[Sudden cardiac arrest]] (OHCA) during the [[COVID-19]] [[pandemic]] as compared to the non-pandemic time period.
+* The [[incidence]] of [[in-hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]] was estimated to be 16,000 per 100,000 [[covid-19]] [[patients]].
-*According to a study done in China, about 12% of patients with COVID-19 without a history of heart problems experience cardiac arrest during their hospitalization.<ref name="ZhengMa2020">{{cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Ying-Ying|last2=Ma|first2=Yi-Tong|last3=Zhang|first3=Jin-Ying|last4=Xie|first4=Xiang|title=COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system|journal=Nature Reviews Cardiology|volume=17|issue=5|year=2020|pages=259–260|issn=1759-5002|doi=10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5}}</ref>
-*In a study done among 761 Chinese patients with severe COVID-19, about 20% patients developed in-hospital cardiac arrest within 40 days of their hospitalization course.<ref name="ShaoXu2020">{{cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Fei|last2=Xu|first2=Shuang|last3=Ma|first3=Xuedi|last4=Xu|first4=Zhouming|last5=Lyu|first5=Jiayou|last6=Ng|first6=Michael|last7=Cui|first7=Hao|last8=Yu|first8=Changxiao|last9=Zhang|first9=Qing|last10=Sun|first10=Peng|last11=Tang|first11=Ziren|title=In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China|journal=Resuscitation|volume=151|year=2020|pages=18–23|issn=03009572|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.005}}</ref>
 ===Mortality===
+*There is a significant increase in the [[mortality rate]] of the [[OHCA]] in [[covid-19]] [[patients]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 32473113">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C | display-authors=etal| title=Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. | journal=Lancet Public Health | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32473113 | doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1 | pmc=7255168 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32473113  }} </ref>
-*There is a significant increase in the [[mortality rate]] of the OHCA [[patients]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 32473113">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C | display-authors=etal| title=Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. | journal=Lancet Public Health | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32473113 | doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1 | pmc=7255168 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32473113  }} </ref>
 ===Age===
+*The mean [[age]] observed among [[patients]] who experienced out-of-[[hospital]] [[Sudden cardiac arrest]] (OHCA) is 69.7 years.<ref name="pmidPMID: 32473113">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C | display-authors=etal| title=Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. | journal=Lancet Public Health | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32473113 | doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1 | pmc=7255168 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32473113  }} </ref> .
-*Mean [[age]] 69.7 years is observed among [[patients]] who experienced Out of [[hospital]] [[Sudden cardiac arrest]] (OHCA) .<ref name="pmidPMID: 32473113">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C | display-authors=etal| title=Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. | journal=Lancet Public Health | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32473113 | doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1 | pmc=7255168 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32473113  }} </ref> .
 ===Gender===
+*Studies showed that [[male|males]] have a slightly higher [[incidence]] of out-of-hospital [[sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[OHCA]]) as compared to the [[females]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 32473113">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C | display-authors=etal| title=Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. | journal=Lancet Public Health | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32473113 | doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1 | pmc=7255168 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32473113  }} </ref>
-*Studies show that [[males]] have a slightly higher [[incidence]] of Out of hospital Sudden cardiac arrest (OHCA) as compared to the [[females]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 32473113">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C | display-authors=etal| title=Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. | journal=Lancet Public Health | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32473113 | doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1 | pmc=7255168 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32473113  }} </ref>
 ===Race===
-A higher [[incidence]] is seen among [[African-Americans]] as compared to the [[Caucasians]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 32380288">{{cite journal| author=Giudicessi JR, Roden DM, Wilde AAM, Ackerman MJ| title=Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32380288 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045 | pmc=7198426 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32380288  }} </ref>
+* A higher [[incidence]] has been seen among [[African-Americans]] as compared to [[Caucasians]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 32380288">{{cite journal| author=Giudicessi JR, Roden DM, Wilde AAM, Ackerman MJ| title=Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=PMID: 32380288 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045 | pmc=7198426 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32380288  }} </ref>
 ==Risk Factors==
+* Common [[risk factors]] in the development of arrhythmia and [[cardiac arrest]] in [[COVID-19]] are:<ref name="pmid32244059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CI, Postema PG, Arbelo E, Behr ER, Bezzina CR, Napolitano C, Robyns T, Probst V, Schulze-Bahr E, Remme CA, Wilde AAM |title=SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and inherited arrhythmia syndromes |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=March 2020 |pmid=32244059 |pmc=7156157 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.024 |url=}}</ref>
+** [[Fever]]
+** [[Stress]]
+** [[Electrolytes disturbances]]
+** Side effect of [[medications]]
+** Age ≥65
+**[[Male]] gender
-** Common risk factors in the development  of arrhythmia and cardiac arrest  in covid-19 are :'''PMID: 32244059'''
+* Factors associated with increased [[out of hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]] during [[covid-19]] pandemic include: <ref name="pmid33629117">{{cite journal| author=Sandroni C, Skrifvars MB, Nolan JP| title=The impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology, outcome and management of cardiac arrest. | journal=Intensive Care Med | year= 2021 | volume= 47 | issue= 5 | pages= 602-604 | pmid=33629117 | doi=10.1007/s00134-021-06369-3 | pmc=7904033 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33629117  }} </ref>
-** fever
+*: Increased non-shockable [[rhythm]] at home
-** stress
+*: Restricted or delay access to emergency care
-** electrolytis disrturbances
+*: Longer response time by [[EMS]] due to increased workload
-** use of viral drugs
+*: Delay seeking medical care due to fear contracting [[covid-19]] in [[hospital]]
+*: Decrease hospitalization of [[ACS]] and [[heart failure]]  due to fear contracting [[covid-19]] in [[hospital]] leading to increased severity of [[acute coronary syndrome]] and [[heart failure]] and [[cardiac arrest]]
 ==Screening==
+* To view [[screening]] for [[COVID-19]], [[COVID-19 screening|click here]].
-*To view screening for COVID-19, [[COVID-19 screening|click here]].<br />
 ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
-** The proportion of patients developed  out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) increased during covid-19 pandemic.'''DOI:  10.1056/NEJMp2008017'''
+* The proportion of [[patients]] who developed [[out of hospital cardiac arrest|out-of-hospital cardiac arrest]] (OHCA) increased during the [[covid-19|COVID-19]] pandemic and was affected by aggravation of underlying [[comorbidities]], late presentation of acute [[STEMI]] ([[ST elevation myocardial infarction]]) due to fear of being infected in hospital, and avoidance of bystander [[cardiopulmonary rescucitation|cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] in [[public]] due to fear of [[infection]].<ref name="TamCheung2020">{{cite journal|last1=Tam|first1=Chor-Cheung Frankie|last2=Cheung|first2=Kent-Shek|last3=Lam|first3=Simon|last4=Wong|first4=Anthony|last5=Yung|first5=Arthur|last6=Sze|first6=Michael|last7=Lam|first7=Yui-Ming|last8=Chan|first8=Carmen|last9=Tsang|first9=Tat-Chi|last10=Tsui|first10=Matthew|last11=Tse|first11=Hung-Fat|last12=Siu|first12=Chung-Wah|title=Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak on ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care in Hong Kong, China|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes|volume=13|issue=4|year=2020|issn=1941-7713|doi=10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006631}}</ref><ref name="ScquizzatoOlasveengen2020">{{cite journal|last1=Scquizzato|first1=Tommaso|last2=Olasveengen|first2=Theresa Mariero|last3=Ristagno|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Semeraro|first4=Federico|title=The other side of novel coronavirus outbreak: Fear of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation|journal=Resuscitation|volume=150|year=2020|pages=92–93|issn=03009572|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.03.019}}</ref>
-** common causes of OHCA durig  covid-19 pandemic include:acu 1.acute cardiac events ( coronary syndrome, heart failure,arrhythmia,) 2.'''<nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013</nowiki>''' thromboembolic events related to covid19 (pulmonary embolism, acute coronary syndrome)3.acute respiratory distress and hypoxia related to covid19 4. late presentation for example acute MI in hospital due to lockdown and movement restriction  4. overwelming of medical service 5. myocarditis
+* In the setting of [[in-hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]],  Only 12% of [[patients]] survived to hospital discharged after [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] and only 7% of [[patients]] discharged with normal or mildly impaired [[neurologic]] status.<ref name="HayekBrenner2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hayek|first1=Salim S|last2=Brenner|first2=Samantha K|last3=Azam|first3=Tariq U|last4=Shadid|first4=Husam R|last5=Anderson|first5=Elizabeth|last6=Berlin|first6=Hanna|last7=Pan|first7=Michael|last8=Meloche|first8=Chelsea|last9=Feroz|first9=Rafey|last10=O’Hayer|first10=Patrick|last11=Kaakati|first11=Rayan|last12=Bitar|first12=Abbas|last13=Padalia|first13=Kishan|last14=Perry|first14=Daniel|last15=Blakely|first15=Pennelope|last16=Gupta|first16=Shruti|last17=Shaefi|first17=Shahzad|last18=Srivastava|first18=Anand|last19=Charytan|first19=David M|last20=Bansal|first20=Anip|last21=Mallappallil|first21=Mary|last22=Melamed|first22=Michal L|last23=Shehata|first23=Alexandre M|last24=Sunderram|first24=Jag|last25=Mathews|first25=Kusum S|last26=Sutherland|first26=Anne K|last27=Nallamothu|first27=Brahmajee K|last28=Leaf|first28=David E|title=In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study|journal=BMJ|year=2020|pages=m3513|issn=1756-1833|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3513}}</ref<ref name="HayekBrenner2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hayek|first1=Salim S|last2=Brenner|first2=Samantha K|last3=Azam|first3=Tariq U|last4=Shadid|first4=Husam R|last5=Anderson|first5=Elizabeth|last6=Berlin|first6=Hanna|last7=Pan|first7=Michael|last8=Meloche|first8=Chelsea|last9=Feroz|first9=Rafey|last10=O’Hayer|first10=Patrick|last11=Kaakati|first11=Rayan|last12=Bitar|first12=Abbas|last13=Padalia|first13=Kishan|last14=Perry|first14=Daniel|last15=Blakely|first15=Pennelope|last16=Gupta|first16=Shruti|last17=Shaefi|first17=Shahzad|last18=Srivastava|first18=Anand|last19=Charytan|first19=David M|last20=Bansal|first20=Anip|last21=Mallappallil|first21=Mary|last22=Melamed|first22=Michal L|last23=Shehata|first23=Alexandre M|last24=Sunderram|first24=Jag|last25=Mathews|first25=Kusum S|last26=Sutherland|first26=Anne K|last27=Nallamothu|first27=Brahmajee K|last28=Leaf|first28=David E|title=In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study|journal=BMJ|year=2020|pages=m3513|issn=1756-1833|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3513}}</ref>
+*30-days [[mortality]] in [[covid-19]] [[patients]] was increased 3.4 fold in [[OHCA]] and 2.3 fold in [[IHCA]], compared with prepandemic period.<ref name="pmid33543259">{{cite journal| author=Sultanian P, Lundgren P, Strömsöe A, Aune S, Bergström G, Hagberg E | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiac arrest in COVID-19: characteristics and outcomes of in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A report from the Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2021 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 1094-1106 | pmid=33543259 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1067 | pmc=7928992 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33543259  }} </ref>
-. letal arrhythmia by using azithromycin and <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6</nowiki>                6.myocardial injury and myocarditis
+* Prognosis was poor in  critically [[ill]] [[Covid-19]] [[patients]] with [[pulseless electrical activity]] or [[asystole]], [[patients]] older than 80 years  with [[comorbidities]].<ref name="HayekBrenner2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hayek|first1=Salim S|last2=Brenner|first2=Samantha K|last3=Azam|first3=Tariq U|last4=Shadid|first4=Husam R|last5=Anderson|first5=Elizabeth|last6=Berlin|first6=Hanna|last7=Pan|first7=Michael|last8=Meloche|first8=Chelsea|last9=Feroz|first9=Rafey|last10=O’Hayer|first10=Patrick|last11=Kaakati|first11=Rayan|last12=Bitar|first12=Abbas|last13=Padalia|first13=Kishan|last14=Perry|first14=Daniel|last15=Blakely|first15=Pennelope|last16=Gupta|first16=Shruti|last17=Shaefi|first17=Shahzad|last18=Srivastava|first18=Anand|last19=Charytan|first19=David M|last20=Bansal|first20=Anip|last21=Mallappallil|first21=Mary|last22=Melamed|first22=Michal L|last23=Shehata|first23=Alexandre M|last24=Sunderram|first24=Jag|last25=Mathews|first25=Kusum S|last26=Sutherland|first26=Anne K|last27=Nallamothu|first27=Brahmajee K|last28=Leaf|first28=David E|title=In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study|journal=BMJ|year=2020|pages=m3513|issn=1756-1833|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3513}}</ref>'''.<ref name="pmid32283117">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, Xu Z, Lyu J, Ng M, Cui H, Yu C, Zhang Q, Sun P, Tang Z |title=In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China |journal=Resuscitation |volume=151 |issue= |pages=18–23 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32283117 |pmc=7151543 |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.005 |url=}}</ref>''
+* [[Survival rate]] after [[out-of-hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]] during the pandemic was 8.8%.
-** Prognosis of patients with severe covid 19 pneumonia  with  in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) was poor in wohan '''.PMID: 3228311'''7
+* [[Mortality rate]] of [[patients]] with [[COVID-19]] is approximately 1-2%'''<ref name="pmid32109013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS |title=Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=382 |issue=18 |pages=1708–1720 |date=April 2020 |pmid=32109013 |pmc=7092819 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 |url=}}</ref>'''
-*** mortality rate of patients with COVID-19  is approximately 1-2%'''PMID:'''            '''32109013'''
 ==Diagnosis==
-===Diagnostic Criteria[edit | edit source]===
+===Diagnostic Criteria===
+* The diagnosis of sudden cardiac death is made when the following diagnostic criteria are met:
-* The diagnosis of  sudden cardiac death is made when the following diagnostic criteria are met:
+:* Prodromes phase occurring weeks or months before an event includes: new or worsening cardiovascular symptoms([[chest pain]], [[dyspnea]], [[palpitations]], fatigability)
+:* Onset of terminal event occurring one hour before cardiac arrest includes: abrupt change in clinical status([[arrhythmia]], hypotension, [[chest pain]], [[dyspnea]], lightheadness)
+:* Cardiac arrest includes: sudden collapse, loss of effective [[circulation]], loss of consciousness
+:*[[Biologic death]]: failure of [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|resuscitatio]]<nowiki/>[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|n]] or failure of electrical, mechanical, or CNS function after initial [[resuscitation]]
+=== Symptoms ===
+* Symptoms before [[cardiac arrest]] in [[COVID-19]]  may include the following:
+**[[Chest pain]]
+**[[Palpitation]]
+**[[Dyspnea]]
+**[[Lightheadness]]
-:* Prodromes phase occuring weeks or months before an event includes: new or worsening cardiovascular symptoms(chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, fatigability)
+=== Physical Examination ===
-:* Onset of terminal event occuring one hour before cardiac arrest includes:abrupt change in clinical status( arrhythmia, hypotension, chest pain, dyspnea,lightheadness)
+There is no specific finding associated with physical examination with cardiac arrest in [[COVID-19]].
-:* cardiac arrest includes: sudden collaps loss of effective circulation, loss of consciousness
+=== Laboratory Findings ===
-:* Biologic death: failure of resuscitation or failure of electerical, mechanical or CNS function after initial resuscitation
+* An elevated concentration of serum cardiac troponinI was detected in severe [[COVID-19-associated diabetes mellitus|COVID-19]] patients with cardiac complications. <ref name="pmid32382587">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paul P |title=Cardiac Troponin-I may be a predictor of complications and mortality in COVID-19 patients |journal=Curr Med Res Pract |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2020 |pmid=32382587 |pmc=7204698 |doi=10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.05.001 |url=}}</ref>
+=== Imaging Findings ===
+There are no imaging study findings associated with cardiac arrest in [[COVID-19]].
-<br />
+===Electrocardiogram===
+* Findings on [[EKG]] during [[in-hospital]] [[cardiac arrest]] ([[IHCA]]) with [[COVID-19]] infection include:<ref name="pmid32283117" />
-=== Symptoms[edit | edit source] ===
+**[[Asystole]] (89.7%)
+**[[Pulseless electrical activity]] (4.4%)
-* Symptoms before cardiac arrest in covid19  may include the following:
+**Shockable rhythm (5.9%)
-* chest pain
-* palpitation
-* dyspnea
-* lightheadness
 <br />
+* Another study showed the most common [[EKG]] findings during inhospital cardiac arrest was [[pulseless electrical activity]](49.8%), [[asystole]](23.8%), shockable rhthm(12.6%).<ref name="HayekBrenner2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hayek|first1=Salim S|last2=Brenner|first2=Samantha K|last3=Azam|first3=Tariq U|last4=Shadid|first4=Husam R|last5=Anderson|first5=Elizabeth|last6=Berlin|first6=Hanna|last7=Pan|first7=Michael|last8=Meloche|first8=Chelsea|last9=Feroz|first9=Rafey|last10=O’Hayer|first10=Patrick|last11=Kaakati|first11=Rayan|last12=Bitar|first12=Abbas|last13=Padalia|first13=Kishan|last14=Perry|first14=Daniel|last15=Blakely|first15=Pennelope|last16=Gupta|first16=Shruti|last17=Shaefi|first17=Shahzad|last18=Srivastava|first18=Anand|last19=Charytan|first19=David M|last20=Bansal|first20=Anip|last21=Mallappallil|first21=Mary|last22=Melamed|first22=Michal L|last23=Shehata|first23=Alexandre M|last24=Sunderram|first24=Jag|last25=Mathews|first25=Kusum S|last26=Sutherland|first26=Anne K|last27=Nallamothu|first27=Brahmajee K|last28=Leaf|first28=David E|title=In-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill patients with covid-19: multicenter cohort study|journal=BMJ|year=2020|pages=m3513|issn=1756-1833|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3513}}</ref>
-=== Physical Examination[edit | edit source ===
+*Other abnormal [[EKG Abnormalities in central nervous system disease|EKG]] findings include [[QT prolongation]]. [[ECG]] shows [[corrected QT interval]] ([[QTc]]) more than 500 ms.<br />
-* Physical examination may be remarkable for:
-:* [finding 1]
-:* [finding 2]
-:* [finding 3]
-:* [finding 4]
-:* [finding 5]
-:* [finding 6]
-=== Laboratory Findings[edit | edit source] ===
-* An elevated concentration of serum troponinT
-=== Imaging Findings[edit | edit source] ===
-* There are no [imaging study] findings associated with cardiac arrest in covid19
-=== Other Diagnostic Studies[edit | edit source] ===
-* Findings on EKG  during inhospital cardiac arrest(IHCA) in covid19  include:asystole(89.7%),pulseless electrical activity(4.4%) shockable  rhythm(5.9%)'''PMID: 32283117'''
-* Other abnormal [[ECG]] findings include [[QT prolongation]]. [[ECG]] shows [[corrected QT interval]] ([[QTc]]) more than 500 ms..<br />
-===Electrocardiogram===
-** Findings on EKG  during inhospital cardiac arrest(IHCA) in covid19  include:asystole(89.7%),pulseless electrical activity(4.4%) shockable  rhythm(5.9%)'''PMID: 32283117'''
-**Other abnormal [[ECG]] findings include [[QT prolongation]]. [[ECG]] shows [[corrected QT interval]] ([[QTc]]) more than 500 ms..<br />
 ==Treatment==
+*The mainstay of therapy for [[COVID-19]]-related [[cardiac arrest]] is [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] with attention to the following points:<ref name="EdelsonSasson2020">{{cite journal|last1=Edelson|first1=Dana P.|last2=Sasson|first2=Comilla|last3=Chan|first3=Paul S.|last4=Atkins|first4=Dianne L.|last5=Aziz|first5=Khalid|last6=Becker|first6=Lance B.|last7=Berg|first7=Robert A.|last8=Bradley|first8=Steven M.|last9=Brooks|first9=Steven C.|last10=Cheng|first10=Adam|last11=Escobedo|first11=Marilyn|last12=Flores|first12=Gustavo E.|last13=Girotra|first13=Saket|last14=Hsu|first14=Antony|last15=Kamath-Rayne|first15=Beena D.|last16=Lee|first16=Henry C.|last17=Lehotsky|first17=Rebecca E.|last18=Mancini|first18=Mary E.|last19=Merchant|first19=Raina M.|last20=Nadkarni|first20=Vinay M.|last21=Panchal|first21=Ashish R.|last22=Peberdy|first22=Mary Ann R.|last23=Raymond|first23=Tia T.|last24=Walsh|first24=Brian|last25=Wang|first25=David S.|last26=Zelop|first26=Carolyn M.|last27=Topjian|first27=Alexis A.|last28=Starks|first28=Monique Anderson|last29=Bobrow|first29=Bentley J.|last30=Chan|first30=Melissa|last31=Berg|first31=Katherine|last32=Duff|first32=Jonathan P.|last33=Joyner|first33=Benny L.|last34=Lasa|first34=Javier J.|last35=Levy|first35=Arielle|last36=Mahgoub|first36=Melissa|last37=O’Connor|first37=Michael F.|last38=Hoover|first38=Amber V.|last39=Rodriguez|first39=Amber J.|last40=Meckler|first40=Garth|last41=Roberts|first41=Kathryn|last42=Mohr|first42=Nicholas M.|last43=Nassar|first43=Boulos|last44=Rubinson|first44=Lewis|last45=Sutton|first45=Robert M.|last46=Schexnayder|first46=Stephen M.|last47=Kleinman|first47=Monica|last48=de Caen|first48=Allan|last49=Morgan|first49=Ryan|last50=Bhanji|first50=Farhan|last51=Fuchs|first51=Susan|last52=Terry|first52=Mark|last53=McBride|first53=Mary|last54=Levy|first54=Michael|last55=Cabanas|first55=Jose G.|last56=Tan|first56=David K.|last57=Moitra|first57=Vivek K.|last58=Szokol|first58=Joseph W.|title=Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19|journal=Circulation|volume=141|issue=25|year=2020|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463}}</ref>
-*The mainstay of therapy for cardiac arrest in covid19  is cardiopulmonary rescucitation
+**Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) before entering the room or on the scene.
-*Immediate [[basic life support]] or [[advanced cardiac life support]] with an automatic [[external defibrillator]] is essential to safe the life of the [[patient]]. If the [[COVID-19]] [[infection]] was confirmed, the [[EMS]] personnel is instructed to wear [[personal protective equipment]] ([[PPE]]) before performing [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]].
+** Limiting the personnel in the room or on the scene
+**Using high-efficacy particulate air filter for ventilator
+** Intubating with a [[cuffed tube]]
+** Stopping chest compression for intubation
+** Using bag-mask device before intubation
+** Using non-rebreathing face mask instead of bag-mask for short term oxygenation
 ==Prevention==
+Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[ventricular arrhythmia]]  during using [[hydroxychloroquine]] in the setting of long QT syndrome or aquired LQTS or heart rate <50/min or receiving [[azithromycin]], [[remdesivir]], [[lopinavir]], [[ritonavir]], include [[EKG]] and [[QTc]] measurement.<ref name="pmid32244059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CI, Postema PG, Arbelo E, Behr ER, Bezzina CR, Napolitano C, Robyns T, Probst V, Schulze-Bahr E, Remme CA, Wilde AAM |title=SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and inherited arrhythmia syndromes |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=March 2020 |pmid=32244059 |pmc=7156157 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.024 |url=}}</ref>
-*.Effective measures for the primary prevention of ventricular arrhythmia  during using hydroxychloroquine in long QT syndrome or aquired LQTS or heart rate<50/min or  recieving azithromycin,redmisivir, lopinavir, ritonavir  include EKG and QTc measurement.'''PMID: 32244059'''
+* If QTc ≥500 ms, consult with a cardiologist.
-** If QTc ≥500 ms, consult with cardiologist.
+* If QTc<500ms, start [[hydroxychloroquine]] and repeat [[EKG]]  after 1-3 days.
-** If QTc<500ms, start hydroxychloroquine and repeat EKG  after 1-3 days.
+* After starting the first dose of [[hydroxychloroquine]],  If any of the following factors were present repeat [[EKG]] after 4 hours:
-** After starting first dose of hydroxychloroquine,  If QTc≥500mse, increased QTc>60ms, or ventricular ectopy  were observed , repeat EKG after 4 hours.
+**[[QTc]]≥500mse
-** avoidance of hypokalemia and treatment of diarrhea  2.Effective measures for the primary prevention of ventricular arrhythmia in brugada syndrom is startind acetaminophen or parastamol immediately if there is  sign of fever and self isolation
+**Increased [[QTc]]>60ms
+**[[Ventricular ectopy]]
+* Treatment of [[hypokalemia]] due to [[diarrhea]] associated [[COVID-19]] ,which prolonges [[QT interval]] is another measurement to be considered.
+*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [[ventricular arrhythmia]] in [[brugada]] syndrome is starting [[acetaminophen]] or [[parastamol]] immediately if there is  sign of [[fever]] and also self-isolation.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+<br />
-[[Category:]]
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