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==Overview==
==Overview==


Bone and cartilage tumors may be classified according to the WHO histological classification system into 5 types: cartilage tumors, osteogenic tumors, fibrohistiocytic tumors, notochordal tumors, hematopoietic tumors, and miscellaneous tumors.<ref name="bone1"> Bone tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref><ref name="bone2">Alina Maria Sisu. On the Bone Tumours: Overview, Classification, Incidence, Histopathological Issues, Behavior and Review Using Literature Data. http://www.intechopen.com/books/histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances/on-the-bone-tumours-overview-classification-incidence-histopathological-issues-behavior-and-review Accessed on February 2, 2016 </ref> In addition, bone and cartilage tumors may be sub-classified according to tumor location into 4 subtypes: diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, and ungrouped/others.<ref name="pmid18223119">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller TT |title=Bone tumors and tumorlike conditions: analysis with conventional radiography |journal=Radiology |volume=246 |issue=3 |pages=662–74 |year=2008 |pmid=18223119 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2463061038 |url=}}</ref>
Bone and cartilage tumors may be classified according to the WHO histological classification system into benign and malignant tumors, and categorized into 5 sub-types: cartilage tumors, osteogenic tumors, fibrohistiocytic tumors, notochordal tumors, hematopoietic tumors, and miscellaneous tumors.<ref name="bone1"> Bone tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref><ref name="bone2">Alina Maria Sisu. On the Bone Tumours: Overview, Classification, Incidence, Histopathological Issues, Behavior and Review Using Literature Data. http://www.intechopen.com/books/histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances/on-the-bone-tumours-overview-classification-incidence-histopathological-issues-behavior-and-review Accessed on February 2, 2016 </ref> In addition, bone and cartilage tumors may be sub-classified according to tumor location into 4 subtypes: diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, and ungrouped/others.<ref name="pmid18223119">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller TT |title=Bone tumors and tumorlike conditions: analysis with conventional radiography |journal=Radiology |volume=246 |issue=3 |pages=662–74 |year=2008 |pmid=18223119 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2463061038 |url=}}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
The table below summarizes the classification of bone and cartilage tumors according to tumor origin and location.<ref name="bone1"> Bone tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref><ref name="bone2">Alina Maria Sisu. On the Bone Tumours: Overview, Classification, Incidence, Histopathological Issues, Behavior and Review Using Literature Data. http://www.intechopen.com/books/histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances/on-the-bone-tumours-overview-classification-incidence-histopathological-issues-behavior-and-review Accessed on February 2, 2016 </ref>


{| class="wikitable"
Bone and cartilage tumors may be classified by location, origin, and histopahological origin.
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Bone or cartilage mass classification
* '''Tumor location'''
<SMALL>Adapted from ICD-10/WHO (9180–9269)<br><ref name="pmid18223119">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller TT |title=Bone tumors and tumorlike conditions: analysis with conventional radiography |journal=Radiology |volume=246 |issue=3 |pages=662–74 |year=2008 |pmid=18223119 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2463061038 |url=}}</ref></SMALL>
:*[[Diaphysis]]
:*[[Epiphysis]]
:*[[Metaphysis]]
:*Other/Unclassifed
* '''Tumor nature'''
:*Benign
:*Malignant
* '''Origin'''
:*Primary
:*Secondary ( see "Secondary tumors classification" below)
* '''Histopathological origin'''
:*Cartilage tumors
:*Osteogenic tumors
:*Fibrohistiocytic tumors
:*Notochordal tumors
:*Hematopoietic tumors
:*Miscellaneous tumors.
 
 
*The table below summarizes the classification of bone and cartilage tumors according to histopathological origin, tumor location, and tumor nature.<ref name="bone1"> Bone tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref><ref name="bone2">Alina Maria Sisu. On the Bone Tumours: Overview, Classification, Incidence, Histopathological Issues, Behavior and Review Using Literature Data. http://www.intechopen.com/books/histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances/on-the-bone-tumours-overview-classification-incidence-histopathological-issues-behavior-and-review Accessed on February 2, 2016 </ref>
 
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px" align=center
|valign=top|
|+
!style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" colspan=5|{{fontcolor|#000| Bone or cartilage mass classification <br> <SMALL> Adapted from ICD-10/WHO (9180–9269)<ref name="pmid18223119">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller TT |title=Bone tumors and tumorlike conditions: analysis with conventional radiography |journal=Radiology |volume=246 |issue=3 |pages=662–74 |year=2008 |pmid=18223119 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2463061038 |url=}}</ref></SMALL>}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Location'''
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Osteogenic tumors: bone-forming tumors}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Origin'''
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Cartilage tumors: cartilage-forming tumors}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Type of tumor'''
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Fibrogenic or fibrohistiocytic tumors}}
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Cystic tumors}}
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Others ( hematopoietic, notochordal, and neuroectodermal)}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Diaphysis'''
| style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" colspan=5 |{{fontcolor|#000|'''Histological Type'''}}
| Myeloid
| Multiple myeloma
|-
|-
| Epithelial
| style="text-align: left;" |
| Adamantinoma
*[[Osteoid osteoma]]
*[[Osteoblastoma]]
*[[Osteoma]]
*[[Osteosarcoma]]
| style="text-align: left;" |
*[[Osteochondroma]]
*[[Chondroblastoma]]
*[[Enchondroma]]
*[[Chondromyxoid fibroma]]
| style="text-align: left;" |
*[[Desmoplastic fibroma]]
*[[Fibrous dysplasia]]
*[[Ossyifing fibroma]]
*[[Non-ossifying fibroma]]
| style="text-align: left;" |
*[[Unicameral bone cyst]]
*Aneurysmal [[bone cyst]]
| style="text-align: left;" |
*[[Giant cell tumor]]
*[[Adamantimoma]]
*[[Eosinophilic granuloma]]
*[[Ewing sarcoma]]
*[[Metastases]]
|-
|-
| PNET/Ewing family
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" colspan=2|{{fontcolor|#FFF|Epiphysis}}
| Ewing's sarcoma
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Diaphysis}}
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 100px;" colspan=2|{{fontcolor|#FFF|Metaphysis}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align: center;" | '''Metaphysis'''
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" colspan=5 |{{fontcolor|#000| '''Tumor Location'''}}
| rowspan="3" | Osteoblast
| Osteoid osteoma
|-
|-
| Osteoblastoma
| style="text-align: left;"colspan=2 |
*[[Chondroblastoma]]
*[[Giant cell tumor]]
*[[Intraosseous ganglion]]
*[[Chondrosarcoma]]
*[[Metastases]]
*[[Ewing sarcoma]]
| style="text-align: left;"colspan=2 |
| style="text-align: left;"colspan=2 |
 
*[[Eosinophilic granuloma]]
*[[Ewing sarcoma]]ada
*[[Myeloma]]
*[[Metastases]]
*[[Adamantinoma]]
*[[Ossyfing fibroma]]
*[[Enchondroma]]
| style="text-align: lwdr;" colspan=2|
*[[Osteosarcoma]]
*[[Chondromyxoid fibroma]]
*[[Unicameral bone cyst]]
*[[Osteoid osteoma]]
*[[Metastases]]
|-
|-
| Osteoma/osteosarcoma
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" colspan=3|{{fontcolor|#FFF|Benign}}
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 100px;" colspan=2|{{fontcolor|#FFF|Malignant}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" | Chondroblast
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" colspan=5 |{{fontcolor|#000| '''Tumor Nature'''}}
| Chondroma/ecchondroma/enchondroma
|-
|-
| Enchondromatosis
| style="text-align: left;" colspan=3 |
*[[Osteoid osteoma]]
*[[Enchondroma]]
*[[Chondromyxoid fibroma]]
*[[Ossifying fibroma]]
*[[Osteoblastoma]]
*[[Unicameral bone cyst]]
* Aneursymal[[bone cyst]]
*[[Giant cell tumor]]
*[[Osteochondroma]]
| style="text-align: left;" colspan=2 |
*[[Osteosarcoma]]
*[[Ewing sarcoma]]
*[[Chondrosarcoma]]
*[[Fibrosarcoma]]
*[[Malignant fibrous histiocytoma]]
*[[Plasma cell myeloma]]
*[[Metastases]]
|-
|-
| Chondrosarcoma
|}
 
 
*The table below summarizes the classification of secondary bone tumors (also known as "metastases") according to location, and bone formation pattern. 
 
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px" align=center
|valign=top|
|+
!style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" colspan=4|{{fontcolor|#000| Secondary bone tumors: classification <br> <SMALL> Adapted from Greenspan A et al. 2006 <ref name="greenspan">Greenspan A, Jundt G, Remagen W. Differential diagnosis in orthopaedic oncology. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2007. (2006) ISBN:0781779308</ref></SMALL>}}
|-
|-
| Osteochondroma
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" colspan="2"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|Bone formation pattern}}
!style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" colspan="2"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|Tumor location}}
|-
|-
| Chondromyxoid fibroma
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" | '''Osteolytic'''
|
*[[Renal cell cancer]]
*[[Melanoma]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Non-small cell lung cancer]]
*[[Thyroid cancer]]
*[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]]
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" | '''Skull'''
|
*[[Breast cancer]]   
*[[Lung cancer]]   
*[[Melanoma]]   
*[[Prostate cancer]] 
*[[Thyroid cancer]] (usually follicular)
*[[Renal cell cancer]]   
*[[Lymphoma]]   
*[[Leukaemia]]   
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Fibrous
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" |'''Osteoblastic'''
| Ossifying fibroma
|  
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
*[[Small cell lung cancer]]
*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Medulloblastoma]]
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC"| '''Vertebral'''
|
*[[Breast cancer]]   
*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]   
*[[Lymphoma]]   
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]
*[[Gastrointestinal tract]] malignancies
*[[Melanoma]]
|-
|-
| Fibrosarcoma
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" | '''Mixed'''
|
*[[Breast cancer]]
*Gastrointestinal cancers
*Squamous cancers (at most primary sites)
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" rowspan="2" | '''Distal appendicular'''
| rowspan="2" |
*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Renal cell cancer]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Epiphysis'''
|style="padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC"| '''Other types ( "Blow out" and "Cookie type")'''
| Chondroblast
|  
| Chondroblastoma
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]   
|-
*[[Thyroid cancer]]
| Myeloid
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]   
| Giant-cell tumor of bone
*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Other/ungrouped'''
| Notochord
| Chordoma
|}
|}


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Latest revision as of 02:31, 6 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Overview

Bone and cartilage tumors may be classified according to the WHO histological classification system into benign and malignant tumors, and categorized into 5 sub-types: cartilage tumors, osteogenic tumors, fibrohistiocytic tumors, notochordal tumors, hematopoietic tumors, and miscellaneous tumors.[1][2] In addition, bone and cartilage tumors may be sub-classified according to tumor location into 4 subtypes: diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, and ungrouped/others.[3]

Classification

Bone and cartilage tumors may be classified by location, origin, and histopahological origin.

  • Tumor location
  • Tumor nature
  • Benign
  • Malignant
  • Origin
  • Primary
  • Secondary ( see "Secondary tumors classification" below)
  • Histopathological origin
  • Cartilage tumors
  • Osteogenic tumors
  • Fibrohistiocytic tumors
  • Notochordal tumors
  • Hematopoietic tumors
  • Miscellaneous tumors.


  • The table below summarizes the classification of bone and cartilage tumors according to histopathological origin, tumor location, and tumor nature.[1][2]
Bone or cartilage mass classification
Adapted from ICD-10/WHO (9180–9269)[3]
Osteogenic tumors: bone-forming tumors Cartilage tumors: cartilage-forming tumors Fibrogenic or fibrohistiocytic tumors Cystic tumors Others ( hematopoietic, notochordal, and neuroectodermal)
Histological Type
Epiphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis
Tumor Location
Benign Malignant
Tumor Nature


  • The table below summarizes the classification of secondary bone tumors (also known as "metastases") according to location, and bone formation pattern.
Secondary bone tumors: classification
Adapted from Greenspan A et al. 2006 [4]
Bone formation pattern Tumor location
Osteolytic Skull
Osteoblastic Vertebral
Mixed
  • Breast cancer
  • Gastrointestinal cancers
  • Squamous cancers (at most primary sites)
 Distal appendicular
Other types ( "Blow out" and "Cookie type")

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bone tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor Accessed on February 2, 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Alina Maria Sisu. On the Bone Tumours: Overview, Classification, Incidence, Histopathological Issues, Behavior and Review Using Literature Data. http://www.intechopen.com/books/histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances/on-the-bone-tumours-overview-classification-incidence-histopathological-issues-behavior-and-review Accessed on February 2, 2016
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Miller TT (2008). "Bone tumors and tumorlike conditions: analysis with conventional radiography". Radiology. 246 (3): 662–74. doi:10.1148/radiol.2463061038. PMID 18223119.
  4. ↑ Greenspan A, Jundt G, Remagen W. Differential diagnosis in orthopaedic oncology. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2007. (2006) ISBN:0781779308


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