Bell's palsy history and symptoms: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
Common symptoms of [[Viral|Bell's palsy]] include: rapid onset of mild weakness to total [[paralysis]] on one side of the face within hours to days, difficulty making [[Facial expression|facial expressions]] in one side, such as closing eye, smiling, whistling and frowning, [[salivation]], [[facial droop]], pain around the jaw or ear and [[Paresthesia|numbness]] in the skin of affected side. Less common symptoms of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] include: Altered [[taste]], changes in the amount of [[tears]] and [[saliva]] and ear problems (increased [[sensitivity]] to sound on the affected side, [[dizziness]]).
 
OR
 
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].


==History and Symptoms==
==History and Symptoms==


*The hallmark of Bell's palsy is unilateral, acute paresis or paralysis of facial movement. A positive history of [[viral infections]], Ischemic [[mononeuropathy]],[[Diabetes mellitus]] and [[Thyroid]] disorders is suggestive of Bell's palsy. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
*The [[hallmark]] of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is unilateral, acute [[paresis]] or [[paralysis]] of facial movement. A positive history of [[viral infections]], Ischemic [[mononeuropathy]],[[Diabetes mellitus]] and [[Thyroid-hormone transaminase|Thyroid disorders]] is suggestive of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]].
*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].  
===History===
===History===
Patients with Bell's palsy may have a positive history of:
Patients with [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] may have a positive history of:
* [[Viral infections|Viral infections:]]
* [[Viral infections|Viral infections:]]
**[[Herpes simplex virus]] reactivation<ref name="pmid9515763">{{cite journal| author=Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, Takasu T, Ohtani F, Inuyama Y et al.| title=Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy. | journal=J Med Virol | year= 1998 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-6 | pmid=9515763 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9515763  }} </ref>
**[[Herpes simplex virus]] reactivation<ref name="pmid9515763">{{cite journal| author=Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, Takasu T, Ohtani F, Inuyama Y et al.| title=Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy. | journal=J Med Virol | year= 1998 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-6 | pmid=9515763 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9515763  }} </ref>
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**[[Influenza B]]<ref name="pmid28467420">{{cite journal| author=Wijnans L, Dodd CN, Weibel D, Sturkenboom M| title=Bell's palsy and influenza(H1N1)pdm09 containing vaccines: A self-controlled case series. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e0175539 | pmid=28467420 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0175539 | pmc=5414992 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28467420  }} </ref>
**[[Influenza B]]<ref name="pmid28467420">{{cite journal| author=Wijnans L, Dodd CN, Weibel D, Sturkenboom M| title=Bell's palsy and influenza(H1N1)pdm09 containing vaccines: A self-controlled case series. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e0175539 | pmid=28467420 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0175539 | pmc=5414992 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28467420  }} </ref>
**[[Coxsackievirus]]<ref name="pmid19561942">{{cite journal| author=McFarlin A, Peckler B| title=An unusual presentation of Bell's palsy: A case report and review of literature. | journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=19561942 | doi=10.4103/0974-2700.40574 | pmc=2700557 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19561942  }} </ref>
**[[Coxsackievirus]]<ref name="pmid19561942">{{cite journal| author=McFarlin A, Peckler B| title=An unusual presentation of Bell's palsy: A case report and review of literature. | journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=19561942 | doi=10.4103/0974-2700.40574 | pmc=2700557 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19561942  }} </ref>
**[[Rickettsia|Rickettsial]] infection <ref name="pmid11420202">{{cite journal| author=Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Papadakis CE, Sbyrakis S| title=Facial nerve palsy associated with Rickettsia conorii infection. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2001 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 54-5 | pmid=11420202 | doi= | pmc=1718833 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11420202  }} </ref>
**[[Rickettsia conorii|Rickettsial infection]] <ref name="pmid11420202">{{cite journal| author=Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Papadakis CE, Sbyrakis S| title=Facial nerve palsy associated with Rickettsia conorii infection. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2001 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 54-5 | pmid=11420202 | doi= | pmc=1718833 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11420202  }} </ref>
**[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]<ref name="pmid3912092">{{cite journal| author=Schmutzhard E, Stanek G| title=Borrelia burgdorferi, a possible cause of Bell's palsy? | journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg | year= 1985 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 255-7 | pmid=3912092 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3912092  }} </ref>
**[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]<ref name="pmid3912092">{{cite journal| author=Schmutzhard E, Stanek G| title=Borrelia burgdorferi, a possible cause of Bell's palsy? | journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg | year= 1985 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 255-7 | pmid=3912092 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3912092  }} </ref>
**Acute [[HIV]] infection<ref name="pmid3361335">{{cite journal| author=Brown MM, Thompson A, Goh BT, Forster GE, Swash M| title=Bell's palsy and HIV infection. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1988 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 425-6 | pmid=3361335 | doi= | pmc=1032872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3361335  }} </ref>
**Acute [[HIV]] infection<ref name="pmid3361335">{{cite journal| author=Brown MM, Thompson A, Goh BT, Forster GE, Swash M| title=Bell's palsy and HIV infection. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1988 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 425-6 | pmid=3361335 | doi= | pmc=1032872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3361335  }} </ref>
*Ischemic [[mononeuropathy]]<ref name="pmid23891413">{{cite journal| author=Fahimi J, Navi BB, Kamel H| title=Potential misdiagnoses of Bell's palsy in the emergency department. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 4 | pages= 428-34 | pmid=23891413 | doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.06.022 | pmc=3940662 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23891413  }} </ref>
*[[Ischemic]] [[mononeuropathy]]<ref name="pmid23891413">{{cite journal| author=Fahimi J, Navi BB, Kamel H| title=Potential misdiagnoses of Bell's palsy in the emergency department. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 4 | pages= 428-34 | pmid=23891413 | doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.06.022 | pmc=3940662 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23891413  }} </ref>
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid7119834">{{cite journal| author=Pecket P, Schattner A| title=Concurrent Bell's palsy and diabetes mellitus: a diabetic mononeuropathy? | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 7 | pages= 652-5 | pmid=7119834 | doi= | pmc=491483 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7119834  }} </ref>
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid7119834">{{cite journal| author=Pecket P, Schattner A| title=Concurrent Bell's palsy and diabetes mellitus: a diabetic mononeuropathy? | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 7 | pages= 652-5 | pmid=7119834 | doi= | pmc=491483 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7119834  }} </ref>
*[[Thyroid]] disorders<ref name="pmid4015946">{{cite journal| author=Cox NH, Chew D, Williams JG, Morris AI| title=Bell's Palsy associated with hypothyroidism. | journal=Br J Clin Pract | year= 1985 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 158-9 | pmid=4015946 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4015946  }} </ref>
*[[Thyroid]] disorders<ref name="pmid4015946">{{cite journal| author=Cox NH, Chew D, Williams JG, Morris AI| title=Bell's Palsy associated with hypothyroidism. | journal=Br J Clin Pract | year= 1985 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 158-9 | pmid=4015946 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4015946  }} </ref>


===Common Symptoms===
===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of Bell's palsy include:
Common symptoms of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] include:
* Rapid onset of mild weakness to total [[paralysis]] on one side of the face within hours to days
* Rapid onset of mild weakness to total [[paralysis]] on one side of the face within hours to days<ref name="pmid21847333">{{cite journal| author=Murthy JM, Saxena AB| title=Bell's palsy: Treatment guidelines. | journal=Ann Indian Acad Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 14 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S70-2 | pmid=21847333 | doi=10.4103/0972-2327.83092 | pmc=3152161 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21847333  }} </ref>
* Difficulty making [[Facial expression|facial expressions]] in one side, such as closing eye, smiling and scowling
* Difficulty making [[Facial expression|facial expressions]] in one side, such as closing eye, smiling, whistling and frowning<ref name="pmid10036851">{{cite journal| author=Slavkin HC| title=The significance of a human smile: observations on Bell's palsy. | journal=J Am Dent Assoc | year= 1999 | volume= 130 | issue= 2 | pages= 269-72 | pmid=10036851 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10036851  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26677445">{{cite journal| author=Ciorba A, Corazzi V, Conz V, Bianchini C, Aimoni C| title=Facial nerve paralysis in children. | journal=World J Clin Cases | year= 2015 | volume= 3 | issue= 12 | pages= 973-9 | pmid=26677445 | doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i12.973 | pmc=4677084 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26677445  }} </ref>
* Unintentional [[drooling]]
* [[Salivation]]<ref name="pmid25870668">{{cite journal| author=Cirpaciu D, Goanta CM| title=Bell's palsy: data from a study of 70 cases. | journal=J Med Life | year= 2014 | volume= 7 Spec No. 2 | issue=  | pages= 24-8 | pmid=25870668 | doi= | pmc=4391366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25870668  }} </ref>
* [[Facial droop]]
* [[Facial droop]]<ref name="pmid17415306">{{cite journal| author=Rafii MS| title=Case 14: a woman with bilateral Bell's palsy. | journal=MedGenMed | year= 2006 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 23 | pmid=17415306 | doi= | pmc=1868343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17415306  }} </ref>
* Pain around the jaw or ear
* Pain around the jaw or ear<ref name="pmid19932939">{{cite journal| author=Han DG| title=Pain around the ear in Bell's palsy is referred pain of facial nerve origin: the role of nervi nervorum. | journal=Med Hypotheses | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 2 | pages= 235-6 | pmid=19932939 | doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19932939  }} </ref>
* Ear problems such as:
* [[Paresthesia|Numbness]] in the skin of affected side<ref name="pmid24717284">{{cite journal| author=Holland NJ, Bernstein JM| title=Bell's palsy. | journal=BMJ Clin Evid | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=24717284 | doi= | pmc=3980711 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24717284  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15965217">{{cite journal| author=Vanopdenbosch LJ, Verhoeven K, Casselman JW| title=Bell's palsy with ipsilateral numbness. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 7 | pages= 1017-8 | pmid=15965217 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.043059 | pmc=1739721 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15965217 }} </ref>
** Increased [[sensitivity]] to sound on the affected side
** [[Dizziness]]<ref name="pmid29656635">{{cite journal| author=Song K, Chang S, Lee J, Shin SA, Lee HY| title=Clinical Characteristics of Dizziness Associated with Acute Peripheral Facial Palsy. | journal=J Audiol Otol | year= 2018 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29656635 | doi=10.7874/jao.2017.00374 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29656635 }} </ref>


===Less Common Symptoms===
===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common symptoms of Bell's palsy include
Less common symptoms of [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]] include:
*[[Headache]]
* Altered [[taste]]<ref name="pmid21375786">{{cite journal| author=Holland J, Bernstein J| title=Bell's palsy. | journal=BMJ Clin Evid | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=21375786 | doi= | pmc=3275144 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21375786  }} </ref>
* Disturbed [[taste]]
 
* Changes in the amount of [[tears]] and [[saliva]]
* Changes in the amount of [[tears]] and [[saliva]]<ref name="pmid19561942">{{cite journal| author=McFarlin A, Peckler B| title=An unusual presentation of Bell's palsy: A case report and review of literature. | journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=19561942 | doi=10.4103/0974-2700.40574 | pmc=2700557 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19561942  }} </ref>


* Ear problems such as:
** Increased [[sensitivity]] to sound on the affected side<ref name="pmid24717284" />
** [[Dizziness]]<ref name="pmid29656635">{{cite journal| author=Song K, Chang S, Lee J, Shin SA, Lee HY| title=Clinical Characteristics of Dizziness Associated with Acute Peripheral Facial Palsy. | journal=J Audiol Otol | year= 2018 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=29656635 | doi=10.7874/jao.2017.00374 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29656635  }} </ref>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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== History and Symptoms ==  
== History and Symptoms ==  


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==References==
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[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category: Neurology]]
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[[Category:Needs overview]]
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[[Category:Primary care]]
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Latest revision as of 20:36, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Overview

Common symptoms of Bell's palsy include: rapid onset of mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of the face within hours to days, difficulty making facial expressions in one side, such as closing eye, smiling, whistling and frowning, salivation, facial droop, pain around the jaw or ear and numbness in the skin of affected side. Less common symptoms of Bell's palsy include: Altered taste, changes in the amount of tears and saliva and ear problems (increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side, dizziness).

History and Symptoms

History

Patients with Bell's palsy may have a positive history of:

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of Bell's palsy include:

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of Bell's palsy include:

References

  1. ↑ Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, Takasu T, Ohtani F, Inuyama Y; et al. (1998). "Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy". J Med Virol. 54 (3): 162–6. PMID 9515763.
  2. ↑ Morrow MJ (2000). "Bell's Palsy and Herpes Zoster Oticus". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2 (5): 407–416. PMID 11096766.
  3. ↑ Walters BN, Redman CW (1984). "Bell's palsy and cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in pregnancy". J R Soc Med. 77 (5): 429–30. PMC 1439928. PMID 6327983.
  4. ↑ Maeda S, Tsuda H, Haruki S, Mitsuto I (1999). "Atypical Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome and Bell's palsy". Pediatr Int. 41 (3): 315–7. PMID 10365586.
  5. ↑ Jamal GA, Al-Husaini A (1983). "Bell's palsy and infection with rubella virus". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 46 (7): 678–80. PMC 1027493. PMID 6886708.
  6. ↑ Kondo K, Kanaya K, Baba S, Yamasoba T (2014). "Mumps, cervical zoster, and facial paralysis: coincidence or association?". Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2014: 289687. doi:10.1155/2014/289687. PMC 3933221. PMID 24653846.
  7. ↑ Wijnans L, Dodd CN, Weibel D, Sturkenboom M (2017). "Bell's palsy and influenza(H1N1)pdm09 containing vaccines: A self-controlled case series". PLoS One. 12 (5): e0175539. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175539. PMC 5414992. PMID 28467420.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 McFarlin A, Peckler B (2008). "An unusual presentation of Bell's palsy: A case report and review of literature". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 1 (1): 50–2. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.40574. PMC 2700557. PMID 19561942.
  9. ↑ Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Papadakis CE, Sbyrakis S (2001). "Facial nerve palsy associated with Rickettsia conorii infection". Arch Dis Child. 85 (1): 54–5. PMC 1718833. PMID 11420202.
  10. ↑ Schmutzhard E, Stanek G (1985). "Borrelia burgdorferi, a possible cause of Bell's palsy?". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 87 (4): 255–7. PMID 3912092.
  11. ↑ Brown MM, Thompson A, Goh BT, Forster GE, Swash M (1988). "Bell's palsy and HIV infection". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 51 (3): 425–6. PMC 1032872. PMID 3361335.
  12. ↑ Fahimi J, Navi BB, Kamel H (2014). "Potential misdiagnoses of Bell's palsy in the emergency department". Ann Emerg Med. 63 (4): 428–34. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.06.022. PMC 3940662. PMID 23891413.
  13. ↑ Pecket P, Schattner A (1982). "Concurrent Bell's palsy and diabetes mellitus: a diabetic mononeuropathy?". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 45 (7): 652–5. PMC 491483. PMID 7119834.
  14. ↑ Cox NH, Chew D, Williams JG, Morris AI (1985). "Bell's Palsy associated with hypothyroidism". Br J Clin Pract. 39 (4): 158–9. PMID 4015946.
  15. ↑ Murthy JM, Saxena AB (2011). "Bell's palsy: Treatment guidelines". Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 14 (Suppl 1): S70–2. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.83092. PMC 3152161. PMID 21847333.
  16. ↑ Slavkin HC (1999). "The significance of a human smile: observations on Bell's palsy". J Am Dent Assoc. 130 (2): 269–72. PMID 10036851.
  17. ↑ Ciorba A, Corazzi V, Conz V, Bianchini C, Aimoni C (2015). "Facial nerve paralysis in children". World J Clin Cases. 3 (12): 973–9. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i12.973. PMC 4677084. PMID 26677445.
  18. ↑ Cirpaciu D, Goanta CM (2014). "Bell's palsy: data from a study of 70 cases". J Med Life. 7 Spec No. 2: 24–8. PMC 4391366. PMID 25870668.
  19. ↑ Rafii MS (2006). "Case 14: a woman with bilateral Bell's palsy". MedGenMed. 8 (4): 23. PMC 1868343. PMID 17415306.
  20. ↑ Han DG (2010). "Pain around the ear in Bell's palsy is referred pain of facial nerve origin: the role of nervi nervorum". Med Hypotheses. 74 (2): 235–6. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.027. PMID 19932939.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Holland NJ, Bernstein JM (2014). "Bell's palsy". BMJ Clin Evid. 2014. PMC 3980711. PMID 24717284.
  22. ↑ Vanopdenbosch LJ, Verhoeven K, Casselman JW (2005). "Bell's palsy with ipsilateral numbness". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 76 (7): 1017–8. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.043059. PMC 1739721. PMID 15965217.
  23. ↑ Holland J, Bernstein J (2011). "Bell's palsy". BMJ Clin Evid. 2011. PMC 3275144. PMID 21375786.
  24. ↑ Song K, Chang S, Lee J, Shin SA, Lee HY (2018). "Clinical Characteristics of Dizziness Associated with Acute Peripheral Facial Palsy". J Audiol Otol. doi:10.7874/jao.2017.00374. PMID 29656635.

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History and Symptoms

Sudden onset, usually over hours, of unilateral facial paralysis (maximal symptoms by 48 hours).

  • Eyebrow sagging with inability to close the affected eye.
  • Nasolabial fold flattening with mouth drawn to the non affected side.
  • Inability to wrinkle forehead (peripheral lesion).
  • May be associated with ear pain, impaired taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, decreased tearing, and hyperacusis.

References

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