Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR Complications of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome depends upon the organ system involved. Common complication of APS type 1 include those arising from hypoparathyroidism, APS type 2 include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
- The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
- If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
Complications
The complications of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) depends upon the subtype and endocrine/non-endocrine organ involved.
APS type 1
- Common complications of APS type 1 include those arising from hypoparathyroidism such as:[1][2][3][4]
- Renal complications (nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, impaired renal function, symptomatic hypocalcemia)
- Posterior subcapsular cataracts
- Basal ganglia calcifications[5]
- Complications of iv calcium extravasation
- Hypocalcemic seizure
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Pathologic fractures
- Depression andother types of neuropsychiatric diseases
- Increased risk of infections
- Other common complications of the APS type 1 include Addison's disease
APS type 2
- Common complications of APS type 2 include those arising from Addison's disease such as:[6]
- Other common complications of the APS type 2 include autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus
APS type 3
- Common complications of APS type 3 include those arising from autoimmune thyroiditis such as:[7][8][9][10][11]
- Other common complications of the APS type 3 include pernicious anemia
Prognosis
- The prognosis of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome is variable and depends upon the endocrine/non-endocrine organ involved.
- Patients generally require lifelong hormone(s) replacement therapy.
- Patients with family history of APS who are screened and diagnosed early have a good prognosis. In other patients, the prognosis depends upon component diseases.
References
- ↑ Mitchell DM, Regan S, Cooley MR, Lauter KB, Vrla MC, Becker CB, Burnett-Bowie SA, Mannstadt M (2012). "Long-term follow-up of patients with hypoparathyroidism". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (12): 4507–14. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1808. PMC 3513540. PMID 23043192.
- ↑ Brandi ML, Bilezikian JP, Shoback D, Bouillon R, Clarke BL, Thakker RV, Khan AA, Potts JT (2016). "Management of Hypoparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101 (6): 2273–83. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3907. PMID 26943719.
- ↑ Underbjerg L, Sikjaer T, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L (2014). "Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism--risk of fractures, psychiatric diseases, cancer, cataract, and infections". J. Bone Miner. Res. 29 (11): 2504–10. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2273. PMID 24806578.
- ↑ Abate EG, Clarke BL (2016). "Review of Hypoparathyroidism". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 7: 172. doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00172. PMC 5237638. PMID 28138323.
- ↑ Goswami R, Sharma R, Sreenivas V, Gupta N, Ganapathy A, Das S (2012). "Prevalence and progression of basal ganglia calcification and its pathogenic mechanism in patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 77 (2): 200–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04353.x. PMID 22288727.
- ↑ Quinkler M (2012). "[Addison's disease]". Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed (in German). 107 (6): 454–9. doi:10.1007/s00063-012-0112-3. PMID 22907517.
- ↑ Caturegli P, De Remigis A, Rose NR (2014). "Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 391–7. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.007. PMID 24434360.
- ↑ Kirshner HS (2014). "Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a brief review". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 14 (9): 476. doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0476-2. PMID 25027262.
- ↑ Lun Y, Wu X, Xia Q, Han Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang F, Duan Z, Xin S, Zhang J (2013). "Hashimoto's thyroiditis as a risk factor of papillary thyroid cancer may improve cancer prognosis". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 148 (3): 396–402. doi:10.1177/0194599812472426. PMID 23300224.
- ↑ Ahmed R, Al-Shaikh S, Akhtar M (2012). "Hashimoto thyroiditis: a century later". Adv Anat Pathol. 19 (3): 181–6. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182534868. PMID 22498583.
- ↑ Chiang B, Cheng S, Seow CJ (2016). "Commonly forgotten complication of Hashimoto's thyroiditis". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-217568. PMID 27797845.