Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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===Complications=== | ===Complications=== | ||
The complications of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) depends upon the endocrine/non-endocrine organ involved. | The complications of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) depends upon the subtype and endocrine/non-endocrine organ involved. | ||
'''APS type 1''' | |||
*Common complications of APS type 1 include those arising from hypoparathyroidism such as:<ref name="pmid23043192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell DM, Regan S, Cooley MR, Lauter KB, Vrla MC, Becker CB, Burnett-Bowie SA, Mannstadt M |title=Long-term follow-up of patients with hypoparathyroidism |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=4507–14 |year=2012 |pmid=23043192 |pmc=3513540 |doi=10.1210/jc.2012-1808 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26943719">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandi ML, Bilezikian JP, Shoback D, Bouillon R, Clarke BL, Thakker RV, Khan AA, Potts JT |title=Management of Hypoparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2273–83 |year=2016 |pmid=26943719 |doi=10.1210/jc.2015-3907 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24806578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Underbjerg L, Sikjaer T, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L |title=Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism--risk of fractures, psychiatric diseases, cancer, cataract, and infections |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=2504–10 |year=2014 |pmid=24806578 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.2273 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28138323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abate EG, Clarke BL |title=Review of Hypoparathyroidism |journal=Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) |volume=7 |issue= |pages=172 |year=2016 |pmid=28138323 |pmc=5237638 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2016.00172 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Renal complications: | **Renal complications: | ||
***[[Nephrolithiasis]] | ***[[Nephrolithiasis]] | ||
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**Depression andother types of neuropsychiatric diseases | **Depression andother types of neuropsychiatric diseases | ||
**Increased risk of infections | **Increased risk of infections | ||
* Other common complications of the APS type 1 include Addison's disease | |||
'''APS type 2''' | |||
*Common complications of APS type 2 include those arising from Addison's disease such as:<ref name="pmid22907517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Quinkler M |title=[Addison's disease] |language=German |journal=Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=454–9 |year=2012 |pmid=22907517 |doi=10.1007/s00063-012-0112-3 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Hypoglycemia]] | **[[Hypoglycemia]] | ||
**[[Addisonian crisis]] | **[[Addisonian crisis]] | ||
Line 44: | Line 47: | ||
**[[Cardiac arrest]] | **[[Cardiac arrest]] | ||
**[[Stroke]] | **[[Stroke]] | ||
*Other common complications of the APS type 2 include autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus | |||
'''APS type 3''' | |||
*Common complications of APS type 3 include those arising from autoimmune thyroiditis such as:<ref name="pmid24434360">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caturegli P, De Remigis A, Rose NR |title=Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=391–7 |year=2014 |pmid=24434360 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25027262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirshner HS |title=Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a brief review |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=476 |year=2014 |pmid=25027262 |doi=10.1007/s11910-014-0476-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23300224">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lun Y, Wu X, Xia Q, Han Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang F, Duan Z, Xin S, Zhang J |title=Hashimoto's thyroiditis as a risk factor of papillary thyroid cancer may improve cancer prognosis |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=148 |issue=3 |pages=396–402 |year=2013 |pmid=23300224 |doi=10.1177/0194599812472426 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22498583">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahmed R, Al-Shaikh S, Akhtar M |title=Hashimoto thyroiditis: a century later |journal=Adv Anat Pathol |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=181–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22498583 |doi=10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182534868 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27797845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiang B, Cheng S, Seow CJ |title=Commonly forgotten complication of Hashimoto's thyroiditis |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27797845 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-217568 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Hypothyroidism]] | **[[Hypothyroidism]] | ||
**[[Hyperthyroidism]] | **[[Hyperthyroidism]] | ||
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**[[Papillary thyroid cancer|Papillary thyroid carcinoma]] (PTC) | **[[Papillary thyroid cancer|Papillary thyroid carcinoma]] (PTC) | ||
**Thyroid [[lymphoma]] | **Thyroid [[lymphoma]] | ||
*Other common complications of the APS type 3 include pernicious anemia | |||
===Prognosis=== | ===Prognosis=== |
Revision as of 12:58, 5 October 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR Complications of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome depends upon the organ system involved. Common complication of APS type 1 include those arising from hypoparathyroidism, APS type 2 include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
- The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
- If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
Complications
The complications of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) depends upon the subtype and endocrine/non-endocrine organ involved. APS type 1
- Common complications of APS type 1 include those arising from hypoparathyroidism such as:[1][2][3][4]
- Renal complications:
- Symptomatic hypocalcemia
- Posterior subcapsular cataracts
- Basal ganglia calcifications[5]
- Complications of iv calcium extravasation
- Hypocalcemic seizure
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Pathologic fractures
- Depression andother types of neuropsychiatric diseases
- Increased risk of infections
- Other common complications of the APS type 1 include Addison's disease
APS type 2
- Common complications of APS type 2 include those arising from Addison's disease such as:[6]
- Other common complications of the APS type 2 include autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus
APS type 3
- Common complications of APS type 3 include those arising from autoimmune thyroiditis such as:[7][8][9][10][11]
- Other common complications of the APS type 3 include pernicious anemia
Prognosis
Type I: The prognosis of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I is variable, depending on how organs are affected and the severity of the disease.
Type II: Prognosis of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II depends on whether endocrine end-organ failures occur or not.
Type III: Prognosis of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type III depends on whether glandular failures occur or not.
Prognosis
The prognosis of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type is variable, depending on how organs are affected and the severity of the disease. Prognosis also depends on whether endocrine end-organ failures occur or not.
References
- ↑ Mitchell DM, Regan S, Cooley MR, Lauter KB, Vrla MC, Becker CB, Burnett-Bowie SA, Mannstadt M (2012). "Long-term follow-up of patients with hypoparathyroidism". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (12): 4507–14. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1808. PMC 3513540. PMID 23043192.
- ↑ Brandi ML, Bilezikian JP, Shoback D, Bouillon R, Clarke BL, Thakker RV, Khan AA, Potts JT (2016). "Management of Hypoparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101 (6): 2273–83. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3907. PMID 26943719.
- ↑ Underbjerg L, Sikjaer T, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L (2014). "Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism--risk of fractures, psychiatric diseases, cancer, cataract, and infections". J. Bone Miner. Res. 29 (11): 2504–10. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2273. PMID 24806578.
- ↑ Abate EG, Clarke BL (2016). "Review of Hypoparathyroidism". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 7: 172. doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00172. PMC 5237638. PMID 28138323.
- ↑ Goswami R, Sharma R, Sreenivas V, Gupta N, Ganapathy A, Das S (2012). "Prevalence and progression of basal ganglia calcification and its pathogenic mechanism in patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 77 (2): 200–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04353.x. PMID 22288727.
- ↑ Quinkler M (2012). "[Addison's disease]". Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed (in German). 107 (6): 454–9. doi:10.1007/s00063-012-0112-3. PMID 22907517.
- ↑ Caturegli P, De Remigis A, Rose NR (2014). "Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 391–7. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.007. PMID 24434360.
- ↑ Kirshner HS (2014). "Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a brief review". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 14 (9): 476. doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0476-2. PMID 25027262.
- ↑ Lun Y, Wu X, Xia Q, Han Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang F, Duan Z, Xin S, Zhang J (2013). "Hashimoto's thyroiditis as a risk factor of papillary thyroid cancer may improve cancer prognosis". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 148 (3): 396–402. doi:10.1177/0194599812472426. PMID 23300224.
- ↑ Ahmed R, Al-Shaikh S, Akhtar M (2012). "Hashimoto thyroiditis: a century later". Adv Anat Pathol. 19 (3): 181–6. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182534868. PMID 22498583.
- ↑ Chiang B, Cheng S, Seow CJ (2016). "Commonly forgotten complication of Hashimoto's thyroiditis". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-217568. PMID 27797845.