Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

	Aspiration pneumonia Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Aspiration Pneumonia from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
Echocardiography and Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis
CDC onAspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis
Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis in the news
Blogs on Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis
Directions to Hospitals Treating Pneumonia
Risk calculators and risk factors for Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 20:27, 3 April 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karina Zavaleta, MD [2], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[3]

Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis

Aspiration pneumonia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause productive cough, fever, and dyspnea.

Organ system		Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis				Other features
			Symptoms							Physical exam	Diagnosis
			Onset	Duration	Productive cough	Hemoptysis	Weight lost	Fever	Dyspnea	Ascultation	Lab findings	Imaging	PFT	Gold standard
Respiratory	Upper airway diseases	Croup^[1]	Acute	3−5 days	+	−	−	+	+	Stridor Crackles	Leukopenia	Subglottic narrowing (steeple sign) in postero−anterior radiograph chest	Decresed tidal volume	Clinical diagnosis. Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis	Barking cough Etiology: Parainfluenza virus type 1 (most common)
		Pertussis^[2]^[3]	Acute	Two weeks	+ Whooping sound	−	+	+	+	Clear chest	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows Bordetella pertussis Serologic testing	Atelectasis may seen on chest imaging Lymphadenopathy	Normal function	Culture	Etiology: Bordetella pertussis Phases: Catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent
		Laryngopharyngeal reflux^[4]^[5]	Chronic	Variable	+	−	−	−	+	Hoarseness Stridor	Decreased levels of salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) Increased levels of NKTR Biopsy may be helpful	X−Ray may be helpful Endoscopy examination may be helpful as well	Normal function	24 hour−dual sensor pH probe	Throat clearing Globus sensation
		Common Cold^[6]	Acute	3−10 days	+	−	−	+	−	Rales Wheezing	Bacterial culture is not indicated	Chest X−Ray in patients with signs of consolidation	Normal function	Clinical diagnosis	Conjunctival injection Nasal congestion
		Rhinosinusitis^[7]^[8]	Acute, subacute, chronic, recurrent	Acute: Less than 4 weeks Subacute: 4−12 weeks Chronic: More than 12 weeks Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or acute rhinosinusitis per year	+	−	−	+	+	Clear chest	In complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, endoscopic cultures or sinus aspirate is indicated Nasal culture may also be helpful	Air−fluid level, mucosal edema and bony erosion of sinus on CT MRI for distinguish the etiology	Normal function	Clinical diagnosis: Nasal congestion, obstruction, and purulent rhinorrhea	Erythema in periorbital area
Organ system		Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis				Other features
			Symptoms							Physical exam	Diagnosis
			Onset	Duration	Productive cough	Hemoptysis	Weight lost	Fever	Dyspnea	Ascultation	Lab findings	Imaging	PFT	Gold standard
Respiratory	Lower airway	Asthma^[9]	Chronic	Years	+ Clear mucoid or yellow sputum	−	−	−	+	Wheezing (expiratory) Rales Rhonchi	Eosinophilia Total serum IgE in test for allergy may be helpful	Normal airways in chest X−ray CT if there any abnormality in chest X−Ray	FEV1/FVC ratio <70% and FEV1 >15% increase after 15 minutes of 2 puffs of beta 2 sympathomimetic drug After physical active FEV1 decreases by >15% After inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)FEV1 increased by >15%	Airflow limitation on spirometry	Family history Seasonal variation
		Acute Bronchitis^[10]	Acute	From 5 days to 1 or 3 weeks	+	−	−	+/−	+	Wheezing Rhonchi	Sputum culture is not indicated PCR in bacterial infection may be helpful	Chest X−ray to exclude other diseases	FEV1 < 80%	Clinical diagnosis	Majority of cases are caused by respiratory viruses
		Chronic Bronchitis^[11]^[12]	Chronic	Most of the days for three months in the las two years.	+ Clear sputum	−	−	+	+	Wheezing Rhonchi	CBC and ABG may be helpful	Chest X−Ray to exclude other diseases CT may also be helpful	FEV1/FVC ratio < 70% Post bronchodilatador FEV1 > 80% Reduced FVC after bronchodilatador administration Decread vital capacity Increased total lung capacity	Demostration of airflow limitation on spirometry	Smoker's cough Cigarette smoking Pollution
		Non−asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis^[13]^[14]	Chronic	More than 8 weeks	+ Eosinophilic sputum	−	−	−	+	Wheezing Shortness of breath	High levels of IgE Airway eosinophilia in sputum induction or bronchial wash fluid from bronchoscopy (bronchoalveolar lavage)	Normal chest X−Ray	FEV1/FVC >70% No response of short acting bronchodilator	Bronchial biopsy Eosinophilia	Exposure to an occupational cause
		Bronchiectasis^[15]	Chronic	Months to years	+ Mucopurulent sputum	+	−	−	+	Crackles Wheezing Shortness of breath	Complete blood count (CBC) IgG, IgM and IgA Sputum culture for fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria	Linear atelectasis and dilated airways in chest X−Ray	FEV1/FVC <70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	CT of chest	Digital clubbing Recurrent pleurisy
		Emphysema ^[16]	Chronic	Months to years	+ Mucoid or purulent sputum	−	−	+	+	Shortness of breath Wheezing Prolonged expiration Crackles	Testing for alpha 1−antitrypsin may be helpful	Chest X−Ray to exclude other diseases CT may also be helpful	FEV1/FVC <70% Post bronchodilator FEV1 >80	Detection of early emphysema in CT of chest	Exposure of tobacco and air pollution
		Foreing body aspiration^[17]^[18]^[19]	Acute	Variable	+	+	−	+	+	Wheezing Decreased breath sounds	No specific tests	Hyperinflated lungs, atelectasis, and mediastinitis Shift in chest radiograph when the object is radio−opaque CT may be helpful	Not specific	Bronchoscopy	In children <1 year and adults >75 years Organic materials in children Inorganic materials in adults
		Bronchiolitis^[20]^[21]	Acute	8−15 days	+	−	−	+	+	Wheezing Crackles Increased respiratory rate	Complete blood count (CBC) may be helpful Urinalysis & urine culture ( in infants)	Chest X−Ray may be helpful	Normal function or obstructive changes (FEV1/FVC <70%) Air trapping in Lung volumes Reduced Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide ( DLCO)	Clinical diagnosis	Etiology: Respiratory syncytial virus, Rhinovirus Children <2 years
Organ system		Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis				Other features
			Symptoms							Physical exam	Diagnosis
			Onset	Duration	Productive cough	Hemoptysis	Weight lost	Fever	Dyspnea	Ascultation	Lab findings	Imaging	PFT	Gold standard
Respiratory	Parenchyma	Pneumonia^[22]^[23]	Acute	Variable	+ Mucopurulent sputum	−	−	+	+	Crackles Egophony Decreased bronchial sounds	Leftward shift leukocytosis Blood culture in hospitalized patients Sputum culture in hospitalized patients	Consolidation, cavitation, and infiltrated interstitial in chest X−ray Anatomical changes observed in chest CT	Not specific	Infiltration observed in chest X−ray	Community−acquired pneumonia Healthcare−associated pneumonia
		Lung cancer^[24]^[25]	Chronic	Years	+	+	+	+/−	+	Hoarseness	The following investigations may be helpful: Complete blood count (CBC) ALT, AST Calcium Alkaline phosphatase LDH Creatinine	Contrast−enhanced CT of chest and upper abdomen	Not specific	Tissue biopsy (sample should be sufficient for molecular testing)	Risk factor: Cigarette smoking Types Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Non−small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
		Tuberculosis (TB)^[26]^[27]	Chronic	More than 2 or 3 weeks	+	+	+	+	+	Pleural effusion Crackles Whispered pectoriloquy Decreased fremitus Rhonchi	Sputum acid−fast bacilli (AFB) smear may be positive Mycobacterial culture may be positive Molecular testing may be helpful	Reactivation of TB is observed as infiltration in the upper lobe in chest X−Ray In patients with HIV, Tb is observed as lobar infiltration, adenopathy, lung mass named tuberculoma, small fibronodular lesions, and/or pleural effusion on chest X−Ray CT can detect early nodal process	Decreased FEV1 Reduced FVC	Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from some secretion	Etiology: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complications: Pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, pulmonary destruction and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
		Cystic fibrosis (CF)^[28]^[29]	Chronic	Variable	+	−	+	+/−	+	Barrel−shaped chest Wheezing Tachypnea	Respiratory tract culture may be helpful for diagnosing secondary bacterial infection Bronchoalveolar lavage for cytology may be helpful ≥ 60 mmol/L Sweat chloride test CFTR mutation in molecular testing may be positive	Hyperinflation, atelectasis, and infiltrates on chest X−Ray Severe patients present bronchietasis, "tram tracks" peribronchial cuffing in chest X−Ray The extension of bronchietasis can be defined by CT	RV/TLC ratio increased FEV1/FVC ratio <70% Low levels of FEV1 High levels of TLC RV increased	Sweat chloride test	Evidence of CFTR dysfunction
Organ system		Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis				Other features
			Symptoms							Physical exam	Diagnosis
			Onset	Duration	Productive cough	Hemoptysis	Weight lost	Fever	Dyspnea	Ascultation	Lab findings	Imaging	PFT	Gold standard
Cardiac		Cardiogenic pulmonary edema^[30]^[31]	Acute	Days to weeks	+ Pink frothy, liquid	−	+	−	+	Crackles Increased respiratory rate Wheezing Rhonchi Gurgling sounds	The following investigations may be helpful: Arterial blood gas BUN Serum creatinin Serum troponin Electrolytes Lactic acid Complete blood count	Cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, interstitial edema, alveolar edema and blood redistribution in lower lobes in chest X−ray	Not specific	Clinical diagnosis Tests are supportive	12−lead ECG Plasma BNP and NT−proBNP Echocardiography
Cardiac		Mitral Stenosis^[32]^[33]	Chronic	Variable	+ Pink frothy	+	−	−	+	Crackles Hoarseness	Not specifc	Electrocardiogram may be helpful Enlargement of left atrium and appendage in chest radiograph	FVC reduced	Resting transthoracic echocardiography	Stress testing Cardiac catheterization
Gastrointestinal		Gastroesophageal reflux^[34]^[35]	Chronic	Variable	+	−	+	−	+	Wheezing Hoarseness	Not specific	Upper endoscopy may be helpful Barium esophagram may be helpful	Normal function	PH testing	−−
Organ system		Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis				Other features
			Symptoms							Physical exam	Diagnosis
			Onset	Duration	Productive cough	Hemoptysis	Weight lost	Fever	Dyspnea	Ascultation	Lab findings	Imaging	PFT	Gold standard
Autoimmune		Wegener's disease (GPA) ^[36]^[37]	Chronic	Months	+	+	+	+	+	Hoarseness Stridor Wheezing	The following investigations may be helpful: ANCA, P−ANCA, C−ANCA BUN Creatinine Complete blood count Urinalysis Lung biopsy	Nodules, pulmonary infiltrates, reticular margins, pleural opacities and cavities in chest X−Ray Nodules, cavities and stellate−shaped peripherial pulmonary in chest CT Bronchoscopy may be helpful	Low levels of DLCO Reduce lung volumes	Tissue biopsy	Nasal crusting, sinus pain, chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal obstruction and discharge in upper airway Saddle nose deformity Purpura in lower extremities
		Microscopic polyangitis (MPA)^[38]	Chronic	Variable	+	+	+	+	+	Hoarseness Stridor Wheezing	The following investigations may be helpful: ANCA positive BUN Creatinine Complete blood count Urinalysis	Cavitation, nodules, and alveolar opacities in chest X−ray Head and chest CT may be helpful Electromyography/nerve conduction study may also be helpful	Reduced lung volumes	Tissue biopsy	Nerve damage Rhinosinusitis Purpura involving lower extremities
		Churg−Strauss^[39]^[40]	Chronic	Variable	+	+	+	+	+	Wheezing Rales Rhonchi Expiratory sounds(related to asthma)	Peripherial eosinophilia In active phase CRP and erytrocyte sedimentation rate high Elevated IgE ANCA positive	Infiltrates in chest X−Ray Ground glass opacities, tree−in−bud sign and small nodules in chest CT	Lung volumes decreased FVC reduced FEV1/FVC ratio <70%	Tissue biopsy	Asthma Eosinophilia Rhinosinusitis

References

↑ Cherry, James D. (2008). "Croup". New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (4): 384–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp072022. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG (1987). "The chest radiograph in whooping cough". Clin Radiol. 38 (1): 39–43. PMID 3816065.
↑ "Pertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC".
↑ "What is LPR? | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery".
↑ Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, Meek RB, Reibel JF, Levine PA (2002). "Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis". Laryngoscope. 112 (12): 2192–5. doi:10.1097/00005537-200212000-00013. PMID 12461340.
↑ Eccles R (2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMID 16253889.
↑ Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL (2011). "Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines". Mayo Clin Proc. 86 (5): 427–43. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0392. PMC 3084646. PMID 21490181.
↑ Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD (2015). "Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152 (2 Suppl): S1–S39. doi:10.1177/0194599815572097. PMID 25832968.
↑ Ukena D, Fishman L, Niebling WB (2008). "Bronchial asthma: diagnosis and long-term treatment in adults". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 105 (21): 385–94. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2008.0385. PMC 2696883. PMID 19626179.
↑ Wenzel RP, Fowler AA (2006). "Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (20): 2125–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp061493. PMID 17108344.
↑ Brusasco V, Martinez F (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Compr Physiol. 4 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110037. PMID 24692133.
↑ Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK (2007). "Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians". Ann. Intern. Med. 147 (9): 633–8. PMID 17975186.
↑ Brightling CE (2006). "Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest. 129 (1 Suppl): 116S–121S. doi:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S. PMID 16428700.
↑ Cho J, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee SM, Yoo CG; et al. (2018). "Clinical Outcome of Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Chronic Airway Diseases Including Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis". Sci Rep. 8 (1): 146. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18265-2. PMC 5760521. PMID 29317659.
↑ King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW (2006). "Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis". Respir Med. 100 (12): 2183–9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012. PMID 16650970.
↑ Rossi A, Butorac-Petanjek B, Chilosi M, Cosío BG, Flezar M, Koulouris N; et al. (2017). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with mild airflow limitation: current knowledge and proposal for future research - a consensus document from six scientific societies". Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 12: 2593–2610. doi:10.2147/COPD.S132236. PMC 5587130. PMID 28919728.
↑ Hewlett JC, Rickman OB, Lentz RJ, Prakash UB, Maldonado F (2017). "Foreign body aspiration in adult airways: therapeutic approach". J Thorac Dis. 9 (9): 3398–3409. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.06.137. PMC 5708401. PMID 29221325.
↑ Rafanan AL, Mehta AC (2001). "Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new?". Clin. Chest Med. 22 (2): 319–30. PMID 11444115.
↑ Haddadi S, Marzban S, Nemati S, Ranjbar Kiakelayeh S, Parvizi A, Heidarzadeh A (2015). "Tracheobronchial Foreign-Bodies in Children; A 7 Year Retrospective Study". Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 27 (82): 377–85. PMC 4639691. PMID 26568942.
↑ Bordley WC, Viswanathan M, King VJ, Sutton SF, Jackman AM, Sterling L, Lohr KN (2004). "Diagnosis and testing in bronchiolitis: a systematic review". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 158 (2): 119–26. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.2.119. PMID 14757603.
↑ "www.nice.org.uk".
↑ Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ (2000). "Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 31 (2): 347–82. doi:10.1086/313954. PMID 10987697.
↑ Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults". Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 Suppl 2: S27–72. doi:10.1086/511159. PMID 17278083.
↑ Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011). "Global cancer statistics". CA Cancer J Clin. 61 (2): 69–90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107. PMID 21296855.
↑ Ost DE, Jim Yeung SC, Tanoue LT, Gould MK (2013). "Clinical and organizational factors in the initial evaluation of patients with lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest. 143 (5 Suppl): e121S–e141S. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2352. PMC 4694609. PMID 23649435.
↑ Perlman DC, el-Sadr WM, Nelson ET, Matts JP, Telzak EE, Salomon N, Chirgwin K, Hafner R (1997). "Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG)". Clin. Infect. Dis. 25 (2): 242–6. PMID 9332519.
↑ Barnes PF, Verdegem TD, Vachon LA, Leedom JM, Overturf GD (1988). "Chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis. New data on an old test". Chest. 94 (2): 316–20. PMID 2456183.
↑ Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, Accurso FJ, Castellani C, Cutting GR, Durie PR, Legrys VA, Massie J, Parad RB, Rock MJ, Campbell PW (2008). "Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report". J. Pediatr. 153 (2): S4–S14. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005. PMC 2810958. PMID 18639722.
↑ Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, Levison H (1992). "Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 326 (18): 1187–91. doi:10.1056/NEJM199204303261804. PMID 1285737.
↑ Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, Massie BM, Roland E, Targum S, Collins SP, Filippatos G, Tavazzi L (2005). "Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research". Circulation. 112 (25): 3958–68. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091. PMID 16365214.
↑ Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines". Circulation. 128 (16): e240–327. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776. PMID 23741058.
↑ MUNROE DS, RALLY CR (1963). "The diagnosis of mitral stenosis". Can Med Assoc J. 88: 611–22. PMC 1921207. PMID 13936649.
↑ Chandrashekhar Y, Westaby S, Narula J (2009). "Mitral stenosis". Lancet. 374 (9697): 1271–83. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60994-6. PMID 19747723.
↑ Kahrilas PJ, Hughes N, Howden CW (2011). "Response of unexplained chest pain to proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with and without objective evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease". Gut. 60 (11): 1473–8. doi:10.1136/gut.2011.241307. PMID 21508423.
↑ Badillo R, Francis D (2014). "Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease". World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 5 (3): 105–12. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105. PMC 4133436. PMID 25133039.
↑ Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS (1992). "Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients". Ann. Intern. Med. 116 (6): 488–98. PMID 1739240.
↑ Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CG, Luqmani R, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Specks U, Watts RA (2011). "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): an alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis". Arthritis Rheum. 63 (4): 863–4. doi:10.1002/art.30286. PMID 21374588.
↑ Jennette, J. Charles; Falk, Ronald J. (1997). "Small-Vessel Vasculitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (21): 1512–1523. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711203372106. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Vaglio A, Buzio C, Zwerina J (2013). "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): state of the art". Allergy. 68 (3): 261–73. doi:10.1111/all.12088. PMID 23330816.
↑ Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR (1984). "Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome". Medicine (Baltimore). 63 (2): 65–81. PMID 6366453.

References

[Cherry2008-1] Cherry, James D. (2008). "Croup". New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (4): 384–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp072022. ISSN 0028-4793.

[pmid3816065-2] Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG (1987). "The chest radiograph in whooping cough". Clin Radiol. 38 (1): 39–43. PMID 3816065.

[urlPertussis_|_Whooping_Cough_|_Clinical_|_Information_|_CDC-3] "Pertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC".

[urlWhat_is_LPR?_|_American_Academy_of_Otolaryngology-Head_and_Neck_Surgery-4] "What is LPR? | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery".

[pmid12461340-5] Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, Meek RB, Reibel JF, Levine PA (2002). "Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis". Laryngoscope. 112 (12): 2192–5. doi:10.1097/00005537-200212000-00013. PMID 12461340.

[pmid16253889-6] Eccles R (2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMID 16253889.

[pmid21490181-7] Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL (2011). "Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines". Mayo Clin Proc. 86 (5): 427–43. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0392. PMC 3084646. PMID 21490181.

[pmid25832968-8] Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD (2015). "Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152 (2 Suppl): S1–S39. doi:10.1177/0194599815572097. PMID 25832968.

[pmid19626179-9] Ukena D, Fishman L, Niebling WB (2008). "Bronchial asthma: diagnosis and long-term treatment in adults". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 105 (21): 385–94. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2008.0385. PMC 2696883. PMID 19626179.

[pmid17108344-10] Wenzel RP, Fowler AA (2006). "Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (20): 2125–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp061493. PMID 17108344.

[pmid24692133-11] Brusasco V, Martinez F (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Compr Physiol. 4 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110037. PMID 24692133.

[pmid17975186-12] Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK (2007). "Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians". Ann. Intern. Med. 147 (9): 633–8. PMID 17975186.

[pmid16428700-13] Brightling CE (2006). "Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest. 129 (1 Suppl): 116S–121S. doi:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S. PMID 16428700.

[pmid29317659-14] Cho J, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee SM, Yoo CG; et al. (2018). "Clinical Outcome of Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Chronic Airway Diseases Including Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis". Sci Rep. 8 (1): 146. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18265-2. PMC 5760521. PMID 29317659.

[pmid166509702-15] King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW (2006). "Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis". Respir Med. 100 (12): 2183–9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012. PMID 16650970.

[pmid28919728-16] Rossi A, Butorac-Petanjek B, Chilosi M, Cosío BG, Flezar M, Koulouris N; et al. (2017). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with mild airflow limitation: current knowledge and proposal for future research - a consensus document from six scientific societies". Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 12: 2593–2610. doi:10.2147/COPD.S132236. PMC 5587130. PMID 28919728.

[pmid29221325-17] Hewlett JC, Rickman OB, Lentz RJ, Prakash UB, Maldonado F (2017). "Foreign body aspiration in adult airways: therapeutic approach". J Thorac Dis. 9 (9): 3398–3409. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.06.137. PMC 5708401. PMID 29221325.

[pmid11444115-18] Rafanan AL, Mehta AC (2001). "Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new?". Clin. Chest Med. 22 (2): 319–30. PMID 11444115.

[pmid26568942-19] Haddadi S, Marzban S, Nemati S, Ranjbar Kiakelayeh S, Parvizi A, Heidarzadeh A (2015). "Tracheobronchial Foreign-Bodies in Children; A 7 Year Retrospective Study". Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 27 (82): 377–85. PMC 4639691. PMID 26568942.

[pmid14757603-20] Bordley WC, Viswanathan M, King VJ, Sutton SF, Jackman AM, Sterling L, Lohr KN (2004). "Diagnosis and testing in bronchiolitis: a systematic review". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 158 (2): 119–26. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.2.119. PMID 14757603.

[urlwww.nice.org.uk-21] "www.nice.org.uk".

[pmid10987697-22] Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ (2000). "Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 31 (2): 347–82. doi:10.1086/313954. PMID 10987697.

[pmid17278083-23] Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults". Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 Suppl 2: S27–72. doi:10.1086/511159. PMID 17278083.

[pmid21296855-24] Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011). "Global cancer statistics". CA Cancer J Clin. 61 (2): 69–90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107. PMID 21296855.

[pmid23649435-25] Ost DE, Jim Yeung SC, Tanoue LT, Gould MK (2013). "Clinical and organizational factors in the initial evaluation of patients with lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest. 143 (5 Suppl): e121S–e141S. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2352. PMC 4694609. PMID 23649435.

[pmid9332519-26] Perlman DC, el-Sadr WM, Nelson ET, Matts JP, Telzak EE, Salomon N, Chirgwin K, Hafner R (1997). "Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG)". Clin. Infect. Dis. 25 (2): 242–6. PMID 9332519.

[pmid2456183-27] Barnes PF, Verdegem TD, Vachon LA, Leedom JM, Overturf GD (1988). "Chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis. New data on an old test". Chest. 94 (2): 316–20. PMID 2456183.

[pmid18639722-28] Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, Accurso FJ, Castellani C, Cutting GR, Durie PR, Legrys VA, Massie J, Parad RB, Rock MJ, Campbell PW (2008). "Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report". J. Pediatr. 153 (2): S4–S14. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005. PMC 2810958. PMID 18639722.

[pmid1285737-29] Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, Levison H (1992). "Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 326 (18): 1187–91. doi:10.1056/NEJM199204303261804. PMID 1285737.

[pmid16365214-30] Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, Massie BM, Roland E, Targum S, Collins SP, Filippatos G, Tavazzi L (2005). "Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research". Circulation. 112 (25): 3958–68. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091. PMID 16365214.

[pmid23741058-31] Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines". Circulation. 128 (16): e240–327. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776. PMID 23741058.

[pmid13936649-32] MUNROE DS, RALLY CR (1963). "The diagnosis of mitral stenosis". Can Med Assoc J. 88: 611–22. PMC 1921207. PMID 13936649.

[pmid19747723-33] Chandrashekhar Y, Westaby S, Narula J (2009). "Mitral stenosis". Lancet. 374 (9697): 1271–83. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60994-6. PMID 19747723.

[pmid21508423-34] Kahrilas PJ, Hughes N, Howden CW (2011). "Response of unexplained chest pain to proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with and without objective evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease". Gut. 60 (11): 1473–8. doi:10.1136/gut.2011.241307. PMID 21508423.

[pmid25133039-35] Badillo R, Francis D (2014). "Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease". World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 5 (3): 105–12. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105. PMC 4133436. PMID 25133039.

[pmid1739240-36] Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS (1992). "Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients". Ann. Intern. Med. 116 (6): 488–98. PMID 1739240.

[pmid21374588-37] Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CG, Luqmani R, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Specks U, Watts RA (2011). "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): an alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis". Arthritis Rheum. 63 (4): 863–4. doi:10.1002/art.30286. PMID 21374588.

[JennetteFalk1997-38] Jennette, J. Charles; Falk, Ronald J. (1997). "Small-Vessel Vasculitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (21): 1512–1523. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711203372106. ISSN 0028-4793.

[pmid23330816-39] Vaglio A, Buzio C, Zwerina J (2013). "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): state of the art". Allergy. 68 (3): 261–73. doi:10.1111/all.12088. PMID 23330816.

[pmid6366453-40] Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR (1984). "Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome". Medicine (Baltimore). 63 (2): 65–81. PMID 6366453.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis==
-Aspiration pneumonia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[cough]] and [[dyspnea]].
+Aspiration pneumonia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[productive cough]], [[fever]], and [[dyspnea]].
 {|
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Organ system
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
 |-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
+| rowspan="5" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Upper respiratory tract|'''Upper airway diseases''']]
+| rowspan="5" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Upper respiratory tract|'''Upper airway diseases''']]
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Croup|'''Croup''']]<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*3−5 days
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Stridor]]
+*[[Rales|Crackles]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Leukopenia]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Respiratory system|Subglottic]] narrowing ([[steeple sign]]) in postero−anterior [[Radiography|radiograph]] chest
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Decresed [[Lung volumes|tidal volume]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Clinical diagnosis.
+*Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Barking cough]]
+*Etiology: [[Human parainfluenza viruses|''Parainfluenza'' virus type 1]] (most common)
+|-
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Pertussis|'''Pertussis''']]<ref name="pmid3816065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG |title=The chest radiograph in whooping cough |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=1987 |pmid=3816065 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlPertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html |title=Pertussis &#124; Whooping Cough &#124; Clinical &#124; Information &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
@@ Line 55: / Line 80: @@
 *Phases: Catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent
 |-
-| rowspan="5" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease|Laryngopharyngeal reflux]]'''<ref name="urlWhat is LPR? | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery">{{cite web |url=http://www.entnet.org/content/what-lpr |title=What is LPR? &#124; American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12461340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, Meek RB, Reibel JF, Levine PA |title=Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=2192–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12461340 |doi=10.1097/00005537-200212000-00013 |url=}}</ref>
-| rowspan="5" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Parenchyma|'''Parenchyma''']]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Pneumoconiosis|'''Pneumoconioses''']]<ref name="pmid27980247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jp NA, Imanaka M, Suganuma N |title=Japanese workplace health management in pneumoconiosis prevention |journal=J Occup Health |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=91–103 |year=2017 |pmid=27980247 |pmc=5478517 |doi=10.1539/joh.16-0031-RA |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12668748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiland DA, Lynch DA, Jensen SP, Newell JD, Miller DE, Crausman RS, Kuhn C, Kern DG |title=Thin-section CT findings in flock worker's lung, a work-related interstitial lung disease |journal=Radiology |volume=227 |issue=1 |pages=222–31 |year=2003 |pmid=12668748 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2271011063 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute, Chronic
+*Variable
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Hoarseness]]
+*[[Stridor]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Decreased levels of salivary [[epidermal growth factor]] ([[EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor|EGF]])
+*Increased levels of [[NKTR]]
+*[[Biopsy]] may be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[X-rays|X−Ray]] may be helpful
+*[[Endoscopy]] examination may be helpful as well
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Normal function
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*24 hour−dual sensor [[pH]] probe
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Throat clearing
+*[[Globus pharyngis|Globus sensation]]
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Common Cold Unit|Common Cold]]'''<ref name="pmid16253889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eccles R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*3−10 days
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Rales]]
+*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Bacterial culture is not indicated
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Chest X-ray|Chest X−Ray]] in patients with signs of [[consolidation]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Normal function
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Conjunctival injection]]
+*[[Nasal congestion]]
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Rhinosinusitis|'''Rhinosinusitis''']]<ref name="pmid21490181">{{cite journal| author=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 427-43 | pmid=21490181 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 | pmc=3084646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21490181  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25832968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD |title=Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=152 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S1–S39 |year=2015 |pmid=25832968 |doi=10.1177/0194599815572097 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]], [[subacute]], [[chronic]], recurrent
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]]: Less than 4 weeks
+*[[Subacute]]: 4−12 weeks
+*[[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]]: More than 12 weeks
+*Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or acute rhinosinusitis per year
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Clear chest
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*In complicated acute [[Rhinosinusitis|bacterial rhinosinusitis]], endoscopic cultures or [[sinus]] aspirate is indicated
+*Nasal culture may also be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Air−fluid level, mucosal [[edema]] and bony erosion of sinus on [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+*[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] for distinguish the [[etiology]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Normal function
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Clinical diagnosis: [[Nasal congestion]], [[obstruction]], and purulent [[rhinorrhea]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Erythema]] in [[Periorbital edema|periorbital]] area
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Organ system
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diseases
+! colspan="8" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diagnosis
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other features
+|-
+! colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Symptoms
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Physical exam
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Duration
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Productive cough
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hemoptysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Weight lost
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ascultation
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lab findings
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |PFT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
+|-
+| rowspan="8" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
+| rowspan="8" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Lower respiratory tract|'''Lower airway''']]
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Asthma|'''Asthma''']]<ref name="pmid19626179">{{cite journal| author=Ukena D, Fishman L, Niebling WB| title=Bronchial asthma: diagnosis and long-term treatment in adults. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2008 | volume= 105 | issue= 21 | pages= 385-94 | pmid=19626179 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2008.0385 | pmc=2696883 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19626179  }}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *Years
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +  Clear [[Mucoid plaque|mucoid]] or yellow [[sputum]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]] (expiratory)
+*[[Rales]]
+*[[Rhonchi]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Eosinophilia]]
+*Total [[serum]] [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]] in test for [[allergy]] may be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Normal [[Airway|airways]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
+*[[Computed tomography|CT]] if there any abnormality in [[Chest X-Ray|chest  X−Ray]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%  and [[FEV1]] >15% increase after 15 minutes of 2 puffs of [[Beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists|beta 2 sympathomimetic drug]]
+*After physical active [[FEV1]] decreases by >15%
+*After inhaled [[corticosteroid]] (ICS)[[FEV1]] increased by >15%
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Family history
+*Seasonal variation
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Acute Bronchitis]]'''<ref name="pmid17108344">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wenzel RP, Fowler AA |title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=20 |pages=2125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp061493 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*From 5 days to 1 or 3 weeks
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +/−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Wheezing]]
+*[[Rhonchi]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Sputum culture]] is not indicated
+*[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] in bacterial infection may be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Chest X-ray|Chest X−ray]] to exclude other diseases
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*FEV1 < 80%
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Majority of cases are caused by [[respiratory]] [[viruses]]
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Chronic bronchitis|'''Chronic Bronchitis''']]<ref name="pmid24692133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brusasco V, Martinez F |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |year=2014 |pmid=24692133 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110037 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17975186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=633–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17975186 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Most of the days for three months in the las two years.
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + Clear [[sputum]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 69: / Line 247: @@
 *[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 *[[Rhonchi]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[CBC]] and [[ABG]] may be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Chest X-ray|Chest X−Ray]] to exclude other diseases
+*[[Computed tomography|CT]] may also be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[FEV1/FVC ratio]] < 70%
+*Post bronchodilatador [[FEV1]] > 80%
+*Reduced [[Vital capacity|FVC]] after bronchodilatador administration
+*Decread [[vital capacity]]
+*Increased [[total lung capacity]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Demostration of airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Smoker's cough]]
+*Cigarette smoking
+*Pollution
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Non−asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis'''<ref name="pmid16428700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brightling CE |title=Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=129 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=116S–121S |year=2006 |pmid=16428700 |doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29317659">{{cite journal| author=Cho J, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee SM, Yoo CG et al.| title=Clinical Outcome of Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Chronic Airway Diseases Including Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis. | journal=Sci Rep | year= 2018 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 146 | pmid=29317659 | doi=10.1038/s41598-017-18265-2 | pmc=5760521 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29317659  }}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*More than 8 weeks
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + [[Eosinophilic]] [[sputum]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
+*[[Shortness of breath]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*High levels of [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
+*Airway [[eosinophilia]] in [[sputum]] induction or bronchial wash fluid from [[bronchoscopy]] ([[bronchoalveolar lavage]])
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Normal [[Chest X-Ray|chest X−Ray]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] >70%
+*No response of short acting [[bronchodilator]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Bronchial]] [[biopsy]]
+*[[Eosinophilia]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Exposure to an occupational cause
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Bronchiectasis|'''Bronchiectasis''']]<ref name="pmid166509702">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Months to years
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *[[Rales|Crackles]]
+*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
+*[[Shortness of breath]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[CBC]] and [[ABG]] may be helpful
+*[[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
+*[[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]]
+*[[Sputum]] culture for [[Fungus|fungi]], [[bacteria]] and [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Linear [[atelectasis]] and dilated [[Airway|airways]] in [[Chest X-Ray|chest X−Ray]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
+*Normal [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
+*Low levels of [[Spirometry|FEV1]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" a+ |
+*[[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Digital clubbing]]
+*Recurrent [[pleurisy]]
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Emphysema]]''' <ref name="pmid28919728">{{cite journal| author=Rossi A, Butorac-Petanjek B, Chilosi M, Cosío BG, Flezar M, Koulouris N et al.| title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with mild airflow limitation: current knowledge and proposal for future research - a consensus document from six scientific societies. | journal=Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue=  | pages= 2593-2610 | pmid=28919728 | doi=10.2147/COPD.S132236 | pmc=5587130 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28919728  }}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Months to years
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + Mucoid or purulent [[sputum]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Shortness of [[Breathing|breath]]
+*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
+*Prolonged [[Exhalation|expiration]]
+*[[Rales|Crackles]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Testing for [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin|alpha 1−antitrypsin]] may be helpful
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Small oppacities and [[fibrosis]] observed in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
+*[[Chest X-ray|Chest X−Ray]] to exclude other diseases
-*[[Computed tomography|CT]] and [[Positron emission tomography|FDG−PET]] may be helpful
+*[[Computed tomography|CT]] may also be helpful
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *[[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
-*[[FEV1]] <80%
+*Post [[bronchodilator]] [[FEV1]] >80
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Exposure history  and [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
+*Detection of early [[emphysema]] in [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Fibrogenic: [[Silica]], [[asbestos]]
+*Exposure of tobacco and air pollution
-*Inert: [[Iron]], [[barium]]
+|-
-*Granulomatous: [[Beryllium]]
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Foreing body [[Aspiration of foreign body|aspiration]]'''<ref name="pmid29221325">{{cite journal| author=Hewlett JC, Rickman OB, Lentz RJ, Prakash UB, Maldonado F| title=Foreign body aspiration in adult airways: therapeutic approach. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= 3398-3409 | pmid=29221325 | doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.06.137 | pmc=5708401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29221325  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11444115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafanan AL, Mehta AC |title=Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new? |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=319–30 |year=2001 |pmid=11444115 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26568942">{{cite journal| author=Haddadi S, Marzban S, Nemati S, Ranjbar Kiakelayeh S, Parvizi A, Heidarzadeh A| title=Tracheobronchial Foreign-Bodies in Children; A 7 Year Retrospective Study. | journal=Iran J Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2015 | volume= 27 | issue= 82 | pages= 377-85 | pmid=26568942 | doi= | pmc=4639691 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26568942  }}</ref>
-*Giant cell pneumonia: [[Cobalt]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Variable
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
+*Decreased [[breath sounds]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*No specific tests
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Hyperinflated lungs, [[atelectasis]], and [[mediastinitis]]
+*Shift in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]] when the object is [[Radio-opaque|radio−opaque]]
+*[[Computed tomography|CT]] may be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Not specific
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Bronchoscopy]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*In children <1 year and adults >75 years
+*Organic materials in children
+*Inorganic materials in adults
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Bronchiolitis|'''Bronchiolitis''']]<ref name="pmid14757603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordley WC, Viswanathan M, King VJ, Sutton SF, Jackman AM, Sterling L, Lohr KN |title=Diagnosis and testing in bronchiolitis: a systematic review |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=119–26 |year=2004 |pmid=14757603 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.2.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng9/resources/bronchiolitis-in-children-diagnosis-and-management-pdf-51048523717 |title=www.nice.org.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*8−15 days
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
+*[[Rales|Crackles]]
+*Increased [[respiratory rate]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]]) may be helpful
+*[[Urinalysis]] & [[urine culture]] ( in infants)
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Chest X-Ray|Chest X−Ray]] may be helpful
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Normal function or obstructive changes ([[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%)
+*Air trapping in [[Lung volumes]]
+*Reduced [[DLCO|Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide]] ( [[DLCO]])
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Etiology: Respiratory ''[[Human respiratory syncytial virus|syncytial virus]], [[Rhinovirus]]''
+*Children <2 years
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Organ system
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diseases
+! colspan="8" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diagnosis
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other features
+|-
+! colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Symptoms
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Physical exam
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Duration
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Productive cough
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hemoptysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Weight lost
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ascultation
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lab findings
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |PFT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
+|-
+| rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
+| rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Parenchyma|'''Parenchyma''']]
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Pneumonia|'''Pneumonia''']]<ref name="pmid10987697">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ |title=Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=347–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10987697 |doi=10.1086/313954 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17278083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG |title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S27–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17278083 |doi=10.1086/511159 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Variable
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Rales|Crackles]]
+*[[Egophony]]
+*Decreased bronchial sounds
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Leftward shift [[leukocytosis]]
+*[[Blood culture]] in hospitalized patients
+*[[Sputum culture]] in hospitalized patients
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]], [[cavitation]], and infiltrated [[interstitial]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
+*Anatomical changes observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Not specific
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Infiltration observed in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Community-acquired pneumonia|Community−acquired pneumonia]]
+*[[Healthcare-associated pneumonia|Healthcare−associated pneumonia]]
 |-
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Lung cancer|'''Lung cancer''']]<ref name="pmid21296855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D |title=Global cancer statistics |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=69–90 |year=2011 |pmid=21296855 |doi=10.3322/caac.20107 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23649435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ost DE, Jim Yeung SC, Tanoue LT, Gould MK |title=Clinical and organizational factors in the initial evaluation of patients with lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=143 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=e121S–e141S |year=2013 |pmid=23649435 |pmc=4694609 |doi=10.1378/chest.12-2352 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 116: / Line 484: @@
 **[[Small cell lung cancer|Small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Small cell lung cancer|SCLC]])
 **[[Non small cell lung cancer|Non−small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Non small cell lung cancer|NSCLC]])
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Interstitial lung disease]]'''<ref name="pmid15331185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lama VN, Martinez FJ |title=Resting and exercise physiology in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=435–53, v |year=2004 |pmid=15331185 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2004.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15133338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chetta A, Marangio E, Olivieri D |title=Pulmonary function testing in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Respiration |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15133338 |doi=10.1159/000077416 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Variable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-*[[Rales|Crackles]] or velcro rales
-*[[Lung volumes|Inspiratory]] high−pitched [[rhonchi]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-*[[Hepatic function test]]
-*[[Renal function tests|Renal function test]]
-*[[Complete blood count|CBC]]
-*[[Serology|Serological testing]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Nodular]], [[reticular]] or both pattern in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-*[[Computed tomography|CT]] in patients with diffuse pulmonary lung disease
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Reduction in [[Vital capacity|FVC]], [[Residual volume|RV]], [[Functional residual capacity|FRC]], [[Total lung capacity|TLC]] and [[FEV1]] on spirometry
-*[[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] normal or increase
-*[[Lung volumes]]
-*Diffusion capacity ([[DLCO]] reduced)
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Lung [[biopsy]] when lab, imaging, and PFT has indeterminate result
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Clubbing is common in [[asbestosis]] and [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
 |-
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Tuberculosis]] ([[Tuberculosis|TB]])'''<ref name="pmid9332519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perlman DC, el-Sadr WM, Nelson ET, Matts JP, Telzak EE, Salomon N, Chirgwin K, Hafner R |title=Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=242–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9332519 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2456183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barnes PF, Verdegem TD, Vachon LA, Leedom JM, Overturf GD |title=Chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis. New data on an old test |journal=Chest |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=316–20 |year=1988 |pmid=2456183 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 271: / Line 608: @@
 *[[Echocardiography]]
 |-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Pulmonary hypertension|'''Pulmonary hypertension''']]<ref name="pmid21393391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown LM, Chen H, Halpern S, Taichman D, McGoon MD, Farber HW, Frost AE, Liou TG, Turner M, Feldkircher K, Miller DP, Elliott CG |title=Delay in recognition of pulmonary arterial hypertension: factors identified from the REVEAL Registry |journal=Chest |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |year=2011 |pmid=21393391 |pmc=3198486 |doi=10.1378/chest.10-1166 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12651053">{{cite journal| author=Sun XG, Hansen JE, Oudiz RJ, Wasserman K| title=Pulmonary function in primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 41 | issue= 6 | pages= 1028-35 | pmid=12651053 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12651053  }}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Mitral stenosis|'''Mitral Stenosis''']]<ref name="pmid13936649">{{cite journal| author=MUNROE DS, RALLY CR| title=The diagnosis of mitral stenosis. | journal=Can Med Assoc J | year= 1963 | volume= 88 | issue=  | pages= 611-22 | pmid=13936649 | doi= | pmc=1921207 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13936649  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19747723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chandrashekhar Y, Westaby S, Narula J |title=Mitral stenosis |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9697 |pages=1271–83 |year=2009 |pmid=19747723 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60994-6 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*More than 2 years
+*Variable
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + Pink frothy
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Dysphonia|Hoarseness]]
+*[[Crackles]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
+*[[Hoarseness]]
-*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] serology
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Anti-nuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
+*Not specifc
-*[[Rheumatoid factor]] ([[RF]])
-*[[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti−neutrophil  cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]])
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Enlargement of the central [[pulmonary artery]] and right heart  in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
+*[[Electrocardiogram]] may be helpful
-*[[Pulmonary  artery]] systolic pressure can be estimated in [[echocardiography]]
+*Enlargement of [[left atrium]] and [[appendage]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Low levels of [[FEV1]]
+*[[Vital capacity|FVC]] reduced
-*Decreased [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
-*[[DLCO]] reduced
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Mean [[pulmonary artery]] pressure more than 25 [[mmHg]] at rest
+*Resting [[transthoracic echocardiography]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Chest pain]]
+*[[Stress testing]]
-*[[Ascites]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
-*[[Syncope]]
-*Peripherial [[edema]]
 |-
 | colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Gastrointestinal tract|'''Gastrointestinal''']]
@@ Line 348: / Line 679: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
 |-
-| colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Autoimmune]]'''
+| colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''[[Autoimmune]]'''
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''Wegener's disease''']] ([[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''GPA''']]) <ref name="pmid1739240">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS |title=Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=488–98 |year=1992 |pmid=1739240 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21374588">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CG, Luqmani R, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Specks U, Watts RA |title=Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): an alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=863–4 |year=2011 |pmid=21374588 |doi=10.1002/art.30286 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
@@ Line 382: / Line 713: @@
 *[[Saddle nose|Saddle nose deformity]]
 *[[Purpura]] in lower extremities
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']]<ref name="pmid27378039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carmona EM, Kalra S, Ryu JH |title=Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=946–54 |year=2016 |pmid=27378039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12803116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yanardağ H, Pamuk GE, Karayel T, Demirci S |title=Bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis: an analysis of 50 bone marrow samples |journal=Haematologia (Budap) |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=419–25 |year=2002 |pmid=12803116 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Years
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-*Squeaky sounds
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-*[[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
-*[[Urinalysis]]
-*[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
-*[[Liver function tests|Liver function test]]
-*[[Calcium]]
-*[[Alkaline phosphatase]] levels
-*[[Electrolyte|Electrolytes]]
-*[[Histopathology|Histopathologic]] detection
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*On [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]:
-**Stage 1: Bilateral hiliar [[adenopathy]]
-**Stage 2: [[Reticular]] opacities and hiliar adenopathy
-**Stage 3: Shrink hiliar [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and [[reticular]] opacities
-**Stage 4: Lost of volume
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Reduced [[FVC]]
-*Decreased of [[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Clinical diagnosis, [[Histopathology|histopathologic]] detection of noncaseating [[Granuloma|granulomas]] and exclusion of other diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Young adults
-*[[Skin]], [[joint]] and [[eye]] lesions
 |-
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Microscopic polyangitis ([[Microscopic polyangiitis|MPA]])'''<ref name="JennetteFalk1997">{{cite journal|last1=Jennette|first1=J. Charles|last2=Falk|first2=Ronald J.|title=Small-Vessel Vasculitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=337|issue=21|year=1997|pages=1512–1523|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106}}</ref>
@@ Line 484: / Line 779: @@
 *[[Rhinosinusitis]]
 |}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}


Aspiration pneumonia Microchapters
Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Aspiration Pneumonia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis

CDC onAspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis

Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis in the news

Blogs on Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Pneumonia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis

Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:27, 3 April 2018

Aspiration pneumonia differential diagnosis

References

References

Navigation menu