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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Asperger syndrome}} | | {{Asperger syndrome}} |
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| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Neuroimaging is not used in the diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome (AS). However, several of studies have found abnormalities in neuroimages of AS patients.<ref name="pmid18563474">{{cite journal| author=Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR| title=Asperger syndrome. | journal=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-11 | pmid=18563474 | doi=10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18563474 }} </ref>
| | Routine [[neuroimaging]], [[Electroencephalography|electroencephalography (EEG)]] and [[Genetics|genetic]] testing are not recommended in patients with Asperger Syndrome (AS). |
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| Neuropsychological studies have suggested that patients with AS may have the following problems: difficulty in passing’ theory of mind tasks, executive dysfunction, tendency to interpret visual stimuli in parts rather than wholes (poor central coherence)<ref name="pmid18563474" /> and nonverbal learning disability.
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| == Neuropsychological Studies ==
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| Neuropsychological studies have suggested that patients with AS may have the following problems:<ref name="pmid18563474" />
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| * Difficulty in passing’ theory of mind tasks
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| * Executive dysfunction
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| * Tendency to interpret visual stimuli in parts rather than wholes (poor central coherence)
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| * There are studies that suggest in patients with AS there is a VIQ > PIQ profile which shows strength on verbal skills relative to visuospatial skills and non-verbal problem solving (nonverbal learning disability)<ref name="LincolnCourchesne1998">{{cite journal|last1=Lincoln|first1=Alan|last2=Courchesne|first2=Eric|last3=Allen|first3=Mark|last4=Hanson|first4=Ellen|last5=Ene|first5=Michaela|title=Neurobiology of Asperger Syndrome|year=1998|pages=145–163|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-5369-4_8}}</ref>
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| ==Neuroimaging Studies== | | == Neuroimaging == |
| | Routine clinical neuroimaging such as [[Computed tomography|CT]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], [[Single photon emission computed tomography|single-photon emission CT (SPECT)]], or [[Positron emission tomography|positron emission tomography (PET)]] are not recommended in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).<ref name="pmid17967920">{{cite journal| author=Johnson CP, Myers SM, American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities| title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2007 | volume= 120 | issue= 5 | pages= 1183-215 | pmid=17967920 | doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17967920 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10953176">{{cite journal| author=Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Ashwal S, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G | display-authors=etal| title=Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. | journal=Neurology | year= 2000 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 468-79 | pmid=10953176 | doi=10.1212/wnl.55.4.468 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10953176 }} </ref> |
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| * Neuroimaging.is not used in the diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome (AS).
| | == Electroencephalography (EEG) == |
| * However, several of studies have found abnormalities in neuroimages of AS patients which include:<ref name="pmid18563474">{{cite journal| author=Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR| title=Asperger syndrome. | journal=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-11 | pmid=18563474 | doi=10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18563474 }} </ref>
| | Routine [[Electroencephalography|electroencephalography (EEG)]] is not recommended in all patients with ASD and is recommended if there is a history of seizures or a history of regression.<ref name="pmid10953176">{{cite journal| author=Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Ashwal S, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G | display-authors=etal| title=Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. | journal=Neurology | year= 2000 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 468-79 | pmid=10953176 | doi=10.1212/wnl.55.4.468 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10953176 }} </ref> |
| ** Abnormal activation in the inferior temporal sulcus.<ref name="pmid10768694">{{cite journal| author=Schultz RT, Gauthier I, Klin A, Fulbright RK, Anderson AW, Volkmar F | display-authors=etal| title=Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. | journal=Arch Gen Psychiatry | year= 2000 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 331-40 | pmid=10768694 | doi=10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.331 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10768694 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12639338">{{cite journal| author=Schultz RT, Grelotti DJ, Klin A, Kleinman J, Van der Gaag C, Marois R | display-authors=etal| title=The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: implications for the pathobiology of autism. | journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci | year= 2003 | volume= 358 | issue= 1430 | pages= 415-27 | pmid=12639338 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1208 | pmc=1693125 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12639338 }} </ref>
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| ** Abnormal dysactivation of the frontal lobe while performing neuropsychological tests.<ref name="pmid8556839">{{cite journal| author=Fletcher PC, Happé F, Frith U, Baker SC, Dolan RJ, Frackowiak RS | display-authors=etal| title=Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of "theory of mind" in story comprehension. | journal=Cognition | year= 1995 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 109-28 | pmid=8556839 | doi=10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-r | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8556839 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9051780">{{cite journal| author=Happé F, Ehlers S, Fletcher P, Frith U, Johansson M, Gillberg C | display-authors=etal| title='Theory of mind' in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome. | journal=Neuroreport | year= 1996 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 197-201 | pmid=9051780 | doi=10.1097/00001756-199612200-00040 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9051780 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12959489">{{cite journal| author=Mundy P| title=Annotation: the neural basis of social impairments in autism: the role of the dorsal medial-frontal cortex and anterior cingulate system. | journal=J Child Psychol Psychiatry | year= 2003 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 | pages= 793-809 | pmid=12959489 | doi=10.1111/1469-7610.00165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12959489 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10388796">{{cite journal| author=Ring HA, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Williams SC, Brammer M, Andrew C | display-authors=etal| title=Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: a functional MRI study of embedded figures task performance. | journal=Brain | year= 1999 | volume= 122 ( Pt 7) | issue= | pages= 1305-15 | pmid=10388796 | doi=10.1093/brain/122.7.1305 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10388796 }} </ref>
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| ** Abnormal functional integration of the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus.<ref name="pmid15860339">{{cite journal| author=Welchew DE, Ashwin C, Berkouk K, Salvador R, Suckling J, Baron-Cohen S | display-authors=etal| title=Functional disconnectivity of the medial temporal lobe in Asperger's syndrome. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2005 | volume= 57 | issue= 9 | pages= 991-8 | pmid=15860339 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15860339 }} </ref>
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| ** Abnormal structures in the inferior temporal gyrus, entorhinal cortex and rostral fusiform gyrus.<ref name="pmid15540637">{{cite journal| author=Kwon H, Ow AW, Pedatella KE, Lotspeich LJ, Reiss AL| title=Voxel-based morphometry elucidates structural neuroanatomy of high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. | journal=Dev Med Child Neurol | year= 2004 | volume= 46 | issue= 11 | pages= 760-4 | pmid=15540637 | doi=10.1017/s0012162204001306 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15540637 }} </ref>
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| ** Missing tissue area in each hemisphere at the part where the middle frontal gyrus and the precentral sulcus intersect.<ref name="pmid8567603">{{cite journal| author=Volkmar FR, Klin A, Schultz R, Bronen R, Marans WD, Sparrow S | display-authors=etal| title=Asperger's syndrome. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 1996 | volume= 35 | issue= 1 | pages= 118-23 | pmid=8567603 | doi=10.1097/00004583-199601000-00020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8567603 }} </ref>
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| ** Lesion in the right middle temporal gyrus white matter.<ref name="pmid10671397">{{cite journal| author=Volkmar FR, Klin A, Schultz RT, Rubin E, Bronen R| title=Asperger's disorder. | journal=Am J Psychiatry | year= 2000 | volume= 157 | issue= 2 | pages= 262-7 | pmid=10671397 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.262 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10671397 }} </ref>
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| **<s>Megalencephaly/ extreme male brain’ phenotype. [6]</s>
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| | == Genetic testing == |
| | [[Genetics|Genetic]] testing is not routinely indicated in patients with ASD.<ref name="pmid10953176">{{cite journal| author=Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Ashwal S, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G | display-authors=etal| title=Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. | journal=Neurology | year= 2000 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 468-79 | pmid=10953176 | doi=10.1212/wnl.55.4.468 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10953176 }} </ref> |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
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