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| ==History and Symptoms== | | ==History and Symptoms== |
| Symptoms vary by the size and location of the cyst(s), though small cysts usually have no symptoms and are discovered only incidentally. On the other hand, a number of symptoms may result from large cysts:
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| *Cranial deformation or [[macrocephaly]] (enlargement of the head), particularly in children<ref name="azguide">Barker RA, Scolding N, Rowe D, Larner AJ. ''The A-Z of Neurological Practice: A Guide to Clinical Neurology'' [[Cambridge University Press]] 2005 Jan 10, p61. (ISBN 0-521-62960-8)</ref>
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| *Cysts in the suprasellar region in children have presented as bobbing and nodding of the head called [[Bobble-Head Doll Syndrome]].<ref name="azguide" />
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| *Cysts in the left middle cranial fossa have been associated with [[ADHD]] in a study on affected children.<ref>Millichap JG. "Temporal lobe arachnoid cyst-attention deficit disorder syndrome: role of the electroencephalogram in diagnosis", ''Neurology'' 1997 May;48(5):1435-9. (PMID 9153486)</ref>
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| *[[Headache]]s. While the most common symptom, a patient experiencing a headache does not necessarily have an arachnoid cyst.
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| **In a 2002 study involving 78 patients with a migraine or tension-type headache, CT scans showed abnormalities in over a third of the patients, though arachnoid cysts only accounted for 2.6% of patients in this study.<ref>Valença MM, Valença LP, Menezes TL. "Computed tomography scan of the head in patients with migraine or tension-type headache", ''Arq Neuropsiquiatr.'' 2002 Sep;60(3-A):542-7. (PMID 12244387)</ref>
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| **A study found 18% of patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts had non-specific headaches. The cyst was in the temporal location in 75% of these cases.<ref name="cameronad">Cameron AD. "Psychotic phenomena with migraine and an arachnoid cyst", ''Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry'' 2002 Mar-Apr 6(2) [http://www.escriber.com/Progress/Features.asp?Action=View&Archive=True&ID=67&GroupID=&Page=11 http://www.escriber.com/Progress/Features.asp? Action=View&Archive=True&ID=67&GroupID=&Page=11]</ref>
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| *[[Seizure]]s
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| *[[Hydrocephalus]] (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid)
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| *Increased [[intracranial pressure]]
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| *[[Developmental delay]]
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| *Behavioral changes
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| *[[Hemiparesis]] (weakness or paralysis on one side of the body)
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| *[[Ataxia]] (lack of muscle control)
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| *Musical [[hallucination]]<ref>Griffiths TD. "Musical hallucinosis in acquired deafness. Phenomenology and brain substrate.", ''Brain'', 2000 Oct;123 ( Pt 10):2065-76. (PMID 11004124)</ref>
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| *Pre-senile [[dementia]],<ref name="dementia">Richards G, Lusznat RM. "An arachnoid cyst in a patient with pre-senile dementia", ''Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry'', 2001 May-June;5(3) [http://www.escriber.com/Progress/Features.asp?Action=View&Archive=True&ID=29&GroupID=&Page=18 http://www.escriber.com/Progress/Features.asp? Action=View&Archive=True&ID=29&GroupID=&Page=18]</ref> a condition often associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]]
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| *In elderly patients (>65 years old) symptoms were similar to chronic [[subdural hematoma]] or normal pressure [[hydrocephalus]]:<ref name="eld">Yamakawa H, Ohkuma A, Hattori T, Niikawa S, Kobayashi H. "Primary intracranial arachnoid cyst in the elderly: a survey on 39 cases", ''Acta Neurochir (Wien).'' 1991;113(1-2):42-7. (PMID 1799142)</ref>
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| **Dementia
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| **[[Urinary incontinence]]
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| **Hemiparesis
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| **Headache
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| **Seizures
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| ===Location-specific Symptoms===
| | * Symptoms vary by the size and location of the cyst, though small cysts usually have no symptoms and are discovered only incidentally.; |
| :''The following list of location-specific symptoms should be interpreted in the context of what they represent: results from several independent, unrelated studies.
| | * They usually develop in utero, during fetal life, but they can also develop after trauma, surgeries or CNS infections; |
| | | * The natural history of arachnoid cysts is that a minority of them enlarges with time (10% according to Al-Holou et al., all of which presented in patients <3 years old), most of them remain stable, a small fraction of them may spontaneously rupture and some may undergo regression;<ref>Lim, Jeong-Wook, et al. "Is arachnoid cyst a static disease? A case report and literature review." ''Child's Nervous System''35.2 (2019): 385-388.</ref> |
| *A [[supratentorial]] arachnoid cyst can mimic a [[Ménière's disease]] attack.<ref>Buongiorno G, Ricca G. "Supratentorial arachnoid cyst mimicking a Ménière's disease attack", ''J Laryngol Otol.'' 2003 Sep;117(9):728-30. (PMID 14561365)</ref> | | * Larger cysts are more likely to present with symptoms as they may compress surrounding structures. |
| *Frontal arachnoid cysts have been associated with depression.<ref name="nbn">Cummings JL, Mega MS. ''Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience'', Oxford University Press, USA; 2Rev Ed, 2003 Jan 23;208. (ISBN 0-19-513858-9)</ref> | | * These symptoms usually are: |
| *Cysts on the left temporal lobe have been associated with [[psychosis]].<ref>Alves da Silva J, Alves A, Talina M, Carreiro S, Guimarães J, Xavier M. "Arachnoid cyst in a patient with psychosis: a case report" ''Annals of General Psychiatry'' 2007, 6:16) [http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/6/1/16]</ref> <ref>Vakis AF, Koutentakis DI, Karabetsos DA, Kalostos GN. "Psychosis-like syndrome associated with intermittent intracranial hypertension caused by a large arachnoid cyst of the left temporal lobe", ''Br J Neurosurg.'' 2006 Jun;20(3):156-9. (PMID 16801049)</ref> A left fronto-temporal cyst more specifically showed symptoms of [[alexithymia]].<ref>Blackshaw S, Bowen RC. "A case of atypical psychosis associated with alexithymia and a left fronto-temporal lesion: possible correlations", ''Can J Psychiatry'' 1987 Nov;32(8):688-92. (PMID 3690485)</ref> | | ** Headache; |
| *Cyst on the right [[sylvian fissure]] resulted in new onset of [[schizophrenia]]-like symptoms at age 61.<ref>Cullum CM, Heaton RK, Harris MJ, Jeste DV. "Neurobehavioral and neurodiagnostic aspects of late-onset psychosis", ''Arch Clin Neuropsychol.'' 1994 Oct;9(5):371-82. (PMID 14589653)</ref>
| | ** Nausea/Vomiting; |
| *A patient with a cyst on the left [[middle cranial fossa]] had [[auditory system|auditory]] [[hallucinations]], [[migraine]]-like headaches, and periodic [[paranoia]]<ref name="cameronad" />
| | ** Seizures; |
| *Patients with left temporal lobe cysts had mood disturbances similar to [[manic depression]] (bipolar disorder)<ref>Heinrichs, RW. ''In Search of Madness: Schizophrenia and Neuroscience'' Oxford University Press, USA (March 29, 2001); p129. (ISBN 0-19-512219-4)</ref>
| | ** Skull/spine deformation; |
| | ** Developmental delays; |
| | ** Obstructive hydrocephalus; |
| | ** Hearing loss; |
| | ** Head bobbing; |
| | ** Visual changes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/arachnoid-cysts|title=Arachnoid Cysts - Johns Hopkins Medicine|last=|first=|date=06/23/2020|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |