Aortic regurgitation causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Aortic insufficiency}}
{{Aortic insufficiency}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan]], M.B.B.S.; {{VR}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan]], M.B.B.S.; {{VR}}; {{USAMA}} 
==Overview==
Aortic insufficiency can be an acute illness or a chronic illness and the causes differ depending upon the acuity of the disease. In general, aortic insufficiency is due to abnormalities of the aortic valve itself or the aortic root. Aortic regurgitation secondary to dilation of the ascending aorta has overtaken the valvular aortic disease as the most common cause of aortic regurgitation.It can also occur after surgical valve placement.


==Overview==
==Aortic regurgitation causes==
Aortic insufficiency can be an [[acute]] illness or a [[chronic]] illness and the causes differ depending upon the acuity of the disease.  In general, aortic insufficiency is due to abnormalities of the [[aortic valve]] itself or the [[aortic root]].  Aortic regurgitation secondary to dilation of the [[ascending aorta]] has overtaken the valvular aortic disease as the most common cause of aortic regurgitation.<ref name="Roman-1987">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Roman | first1 = MJ. | last2 = Devereux | first2 = RB. | last3 = Niles | first3 = NW. | last4 = Hochreiter | first4 = C. | last5 = Kligfield | first5 = P. | last6 = Sato | first6 = N. | last7 = Spitzer | first7 = MC. | last8 = Borer | first8 = JS. | title = Aortic root dilatation as a cause of isolated, severe aortic regurgitation. Prevalence, clinical and echocardiographic patterns, and relation to left ventricular hypertrophy and function. | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 106 | issue = 6 | pages = 800-7 | month = Jun | year = 1987 | doi = | PMID = 2953289 }}</ref>


==Causes==


===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Aortic dissection]]<ref name="pmid15470217">{{cite journal| author=Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ| title=Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 15 | pages= 1539-46 | pmid=15470217 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030912 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15470217  }} </ref>
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]<ref name="pmid24603191">{{cite journal| author=Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA et al.| title=2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 22 | pages= e57-185 | pmid=24603191 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24603191  }} </ref>


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Line 17: Line 18:
*[[Calcific aortic valve disease|Senile or degenerative calcific aortic valve disease]]<ref name="Nishimura-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nishimura | first1 = RA. | title = Cardiology patient pages. Aortic valve disease. | journal = Circulation | volume = 106 | issue = 7 | pages = 770-2 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12176943 }}</ref>
*[[Calcific aortic valve disease|Senile or degenerative calcific aortic valve disease]]<ref name="Nishimura-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nishimura | first1 = RA. | title = Cardiology patient pages. Aortic valve disease. | journal = Circulation | volume = 106 | issue = 7 | pages = 770-2 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12176943 }}</ref>
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]<ref name="Bekeredjian-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bekeredjian | first1 = R. | last2 = Grayburn | first2 = PA. | title = Valvular heart disease: aortic regurgitation. | journal = Circulation | volume = 112 | issue = 1 | pages = 125-34 | month = Jul | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.488825 | PMID = 15998697 }}</ref>
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]<ref name="Bekeredjian-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bekeredjian | first1 = R. | last2 = Grayburn | first2 = PA. | title = Valvular heart disease: aortic regurgitation. | journal = Circulation | volume = 112 | issue = 1 | pages = 125-34 | month = Jul | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.488825 | PMID = 15998697 }}</ref>
*After Valvular Surgery<ref name="pmid27491900">{{cite journal| author=Ribeiro HB, Orwat S, Hayek SS, Larose É, Babaliaros V, Dahou A et al.| title=Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance to Evaluate Aortic Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 6 | pages= 577-85 | pmid=27491900 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.059 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27491900  }} </ref>
===Causes by Location of the Abnormality===
The cause of Aortic Regurgitation by location can be classified as following:<ref name="pmid15470217">{{cite journal| author=Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ| title=Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 15 | pages= 1539-46 | pmid=15470217 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030912 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15470217  }} </ref>
====Causes Based Upon Abnormalities in the Aortic Valve====
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]<ref name="Nishimura-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nishimura | first1 = RA. | title = Cardiology patient pages. Aortic valve disease. | journal = Circulation | volume = 106 | issue = 7 | pages = 770-2 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12176943 }}</ref>
*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
*[[Senile]] or degenerative [[calcific aortic valve disease]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
* [[Myxomatous]] aortic valve
*[[Rheumatic fever]]<ref name="Spagnuolo-1971">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Spagnuolo | first1 = M. | last2 = Kloth | first2 = H. | last3 = Taranta | first3 = A. | last4 = Doyle | first4 = E. | last5 = Pasternack | first5 = B. | title = Natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation. Criteria predictive of death, congestive heart failure, and angina in young patients. | journal = Circulation | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 368-80 | month = Sep | year = 1971 | doi =  | PMID = 4255488 }}</ref>
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] <ref name="pmid17519398">{{cite journal| author=Pierpont ME, Basson CT, Benson DW, Gelb BD, Giglia TM, Goldmuntz E et al.| title=Genetic basis for congenital heart defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 115 | issue= 23 | pages= 3015-38 | pmid=17519398 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183056 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17519398  }} </ref>
*[[Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm]]
*[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
*[[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid8267458">{{cite journal |author=Prêtre R, Faidutti B |title=Surgical management of aortic valve injury after nonpenetrating trauma |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1426–31 |year=1993 |month=December |pmid=8267458 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0003-4975(93)90708-P |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid15172299">{{cite journal |author=Onorati F, De Santo LS, Carozza A, De Feo M, Renzulli A, Cotrufo M |title=Marfan syndrome as a predisposing factor for traumatic aortic insufficiency |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=2192–4 |year=2004 |month=June |pmid=15172299 |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01409-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003497503014097 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
*[[Turner's Syndrome]]
*[[Ventricular Septal Defect]]
*[[Weight loss]] medications
*Post Aortic Valve Surgery<ref name="pmid2016464">{{cite journal| author=Isner JM| title=Acute catastrophic complications of balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry Investigators. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1991 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 1436-44 | pmid=2016464 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2016464  }} </ref>
*Quadricuspid Aortic Valve <ref name="pmid27195176">{{cite journal| author=Vasudev R, Shah P, Bikkina M, Shamoon F| title=Quadricuspid Aortic Valve: A Rare Congenital Cause of Aortic Insufficiency. | journal=J Clin Imaging Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 10 | pmid=27195176 | doi=10.4103/2156-7514.179417 | pmc=4860453 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27195176  }} </ref>
====Causes Based Upon Abnormalities in the Ascending Aorta====
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]] <ref name="pmid10">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G, Raffle A, Gray J, MacDonald HR, Ehrhart IC, Parker PE, Weidner WJ, Dabney JM, Scott JB, Haddy FJ, Gatzy JT |title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |journal=Biochem. Pharmacol. |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=1639–41 |date=September 1975 |pmid=10 |pmc=5922622 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.6001.93-a |url=}}</ref>
*[[Aortic dissection]] <ref name="pmid7925504">{{cite journal| author=Lindroos M, Kupari M, Valvanne J, Strandberg T, Heikkilä J, Tilvis R| title=Factors associated with calcific aortic valve degeneration in the elderly. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1994 | volume= 15 | issue= 7 | pages= 865-70 | pmid=7925504 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7925504  }} </ref>
*[[Arteriosclerosis]] <ref name="pmid11359741">{{cite journal| author=Ortlepp JR, Hoffmann R, Ohme F, Lauscher J, Bleckmann F, Hanrath P| title=The vitamin D receptor genotype predisposes to the development of calcific aortic valve stenosis. | journal=Heart | year= 2001 | volume= 85 | issue= 6 | pages= 635-8 | pmid=11359741 | doi= | pmc=PMC1729782 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11359741  }} </ref>
* [[Bechterew's Disease]] <ref name="pmid10">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G, Raffle A, Gray J, MacDonald HR, Ehrhart IC, Parker PE, Weidner WJ, Dabney JM, Scott JB, Haddy FJ, Gatzy JT |title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |journal=Biochem. Pharmacol. |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=1639–41 |date=September 1975 |pmid=10 |pmc=5922622 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.6001.93-a |url=}}</ref>
*[[Behcet's syndrome]]
*[[Cystic medial necrosis]] of the [[aorta]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]]
*[[Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="Kim-1996">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kim | first1 = M. | last2 = Roman | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Cavallini | first3 = MC. | last4 = Schwartz | first4 = JE. | last5 = Pickering | first5 = TG. | last6 = Devereux | first6 = RB. | title = Effect of hypertension on aortic root size and prevalence of aortic regurgitation. | journal = Hypertension | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 47-52 | month = Jul | year = 1996 | doi =  | PMID = 8675263 }}</ref>
*[[Idiopathic]] dilation of the [[ascending aorta]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15172299">{{cite journal |author=Onorati F, De Santo LS, Carozza A, De Feo M, Renzulli A, Cotrufo M |title=Marfan syndrome as a predisposing factor for traumatic aortic insufficiency |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=2192–4 |year=2004 |month=June |pmid=15172299 |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01409-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003497503014097 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*[[Polymyalgia Rheumatica]]
*[[Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
*[[Senile]] aortic ectasia and dilation
*[[Spondyloarthropathy]]
*[[Syphilitic aortitis]]
*[[Takayasu arteritis]]<ref name="pmid27267341">{{cite journal| author=Ferreira TF, Freire M, Teodoro RB| title=Difficulties in the differential diagnosis between Takayasu arteritis and rheumatic fever: case report. | journal=Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed | year= 2016 | volume= 56 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-2 | pmid=27267341 | doi=10.1016/j.rbre.2015.07.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27267341  }} </ref>
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Whipple's disease]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] <ref name="Miyashita-2010">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Miyashita | first1 = T. | last2 = Abe | first2 = Y. | last3 = Kato | first3 = Y. | last4 = Nakagawa | first4 = E. | last5 = Komatsu | first5 = R. | last6 = Hattori | first6 = K. | last7 = Shibata | first7 = T. | last8 = Yoshioka | first8 = K. | last9 = Naruko | first9 = T. | title = Aortic aneurysm with severe aortic regurgitation in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal = Intern Med | volume = 49 | issue = 20 | pages = 2263-6 | month =  | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20962447 }}</ref>
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] <ref name="Miyashita-2010">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Miyashita | first1 = T. | last2 = Abe | first2 = Y. | last3 = Kato | first3 = Y. | last4 = Nakagawa | first4 = E. | last5 = Komatsu | first5 = R. | last6 = Hattori | first6 = K. | last7 = Shibata | first7 = T. | last8 = Yoshioka | first8 = K. | last9 = Naruko | first9 = T. | title = Aortic aneurysm with severe aortic regurgitation in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal = Intern Med | volume = 49 | issue = 20 | pages = 2263-6 | month =  | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20962447 }}</ref>
*[[Takayasu arteritis]]
*[[Takayasu arteritis]]
*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[Thoracic aortic aneurysm]]
*[[Thoracic aortic aneurysm]]
*[[Traumatic aortic rupture]]
*[[Traumatic aortic rupture]]
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===Causes of Aortic Insufficiency as of Type of Onset===  
===Causes of Aortic Insufficiency as of Type of Onset===  
====Causes of Acute Aortic Insufficiency====
====Causes of Acute Aortic Insufficiency====
The causes of Acute Aortic Insufficiency  include the following:<ref name="pmid19564568">{{cite journal| author=Stout KK, Verrier ED| title=Acute valvular regurgitation. | journal=Circulation | year= 2009 | volume= 119 | issue= 25 | pages= 3232-41 | pmid=19564568 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.782292 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564568  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21423463">{{cite journal| author=Mokadam NA, Stout KK, Verrier ED| title=Management of acute regurgitation in left-sided cardiac valves. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2011 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-19 | pmid=21423463 | doi= | pmc=3060740 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21423463  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10724525">{{cite journal| author=Blaszyk H, Witkiewicz AJ, Edwards WD| title=Acute aortic regurgitation due to spontaneous rupture of a fenestrated cusp: report in a 65-year-old man and review of seven additional cases. | journal=Cardiovasc Pathol | year= 1999 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-6 | pmid=10724525 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10724525  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2016464">{{cite journal| author=Isner JM| title=Acute catastrophic complications of balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry Investigators. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1991 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 1436-44 | pmid=2016464 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2016464  }} </ref>
*[[Aortic valvuloplasty]]<ref name="pmid2016464">{{cite journal |author=Isner JM |title=Acute catastrophic complications of balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry Investigators |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1436–44 |year=1991 |month=May |pmid=2016464 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
*[[Aortic valvuloplasty]]<ref name="pmid2016464">{{cite journal |author=Isner JM |title=Acute catastrophic complications of balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry Investigators |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1436–44 |year=1991 |month=May |pmid=2016464 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
*A [[Aortic dissection classification#Stanford Classification System|type A aortic dissection]] may disrupt the integrity of the valve leaflets causing malcoaptation of the aortic leaflets.<ref name="Lai-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lai | first1 = DT. | last2 = Miller | first2 = DC. | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = RS. | last4 = Oyer | first4 = PE. | last5 = Moore | first5 = KA. | last6 = Robbins | first6 = RC. | last7 = Shumway | first7 = NE. | last8 = Reitz | first8 = BA. | title = Acute type A aortic dissection complicated by aortic regurgitation: composite valve graft versus separate valve graft versus conservative valve repair. | journal = J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 1978-86 | month = Dec | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0022 | PMID = 14688716 }}</ref>
*A [[Aortic dissection classification#Stanford Classification System|type A aortic dissection]] may disrupt the integrity of the valve leaflets causing malcoaptation of the aortic leaflets.<ref name="Lai-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lai | first1 = DT. | last2 = Miller | first2 = DC. | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = RS. | last4 = Oyer | first4 = PE. | last5 = Moore | first5 = KA. | last6 = Robbins | first6 = RC. | last7 = Shumway | first7 = NE. | last8 = Reitz | first8 = BA. | title = Acute type A aortic dissection complicated by aortic regurgitation: composite valve graft versus separate valve graft versus conservative valve repair. | journal = J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 1978-86 | month = Dec | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0022 | PMID = 14688716 }}</ref>
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====Causes of Chronic Aortic Insufficiency====
====Causes of Chronic Aortic Insufficiency====
The cause of Chronic Aortic Insufficiency include the following:<ref name="pmid15470217">{{cite journal| author=Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ| title=Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 15 | pages= 1539-46 | pmid=15470217 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030912 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15470217  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10051296">{{cite journal| author=Devlin WH, Petrusha J, Briesmiester K, Montgomery D, Starling MR| title=Impact of vascular adaptation to chronic aortic regurgitation on left ventricular performance. | journal=Circulation | year= 1999 | volume= 99 | issue= 8 | pages= 1027-33 | pmid=10051296 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10051296  }} </ref>
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]] can be associated with inflammation of the [[aorta]] ([[aortitis]]).<ref>Palazzi C, D' Angelo S, Lubrano E, Olivieri I. Aortic involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. May-Jun 2008;26(3 Suppl 49):S131-4.</ref>  The inflammatory process can also involve the septum and cause [[conduction disease]].
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]] can be associated with inflammation of the [[aorta]] ([[aortitis]]).<ref>Palazzi C, D' Angelo S, Lubrano E, Olivieri I. Aortic involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. May-Jun 2008;26(3 Suppl 49):S131-4.</ref>  The inflammatory process can also involve the septum and cause [[conduction disease]].
*A [[Aortic dissection classification#Stanford Classification System|type A aortic dissection]] may disrupt the integrity of the valve leaflets causing malcoaptation of the aortic leaflets.
*A [[Aortic dissection classification#Stanford Classification System|type A aortic dissection]] may disrupt the integrity of the valve leaflets causing malcoaptation of the aortic leaflets.
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[CME Category::Cardiology]]


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 04:33, 7 July 2020


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [3]; Usama Talib, BSc, MD [4]

Overview

Aortic insufficiency can be an acute illness or a chronic illness and the causes differ depending upon the acuity of the disease. In general, aortic insufficiency is due to abnormalities of the aortic valve itself or the aortic root. Aortic regurgitation secondary to dilation of the ascending aorta has overtaken the valvular aortic disease as the most common cause of aortic regurgitation.It can also occur after surgical valve placement.

Aortic regurgitation causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Location of the Abnormality

The cause of Aortic Regurgitation by location can be classified as following:[1]

Causes Based Upon Abnormalities in the Aortic Valve

Causes Based Upon Abnormalities in the Ascending Aorta

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Annuloaortic ectasia, aortic valvuloplasty, aortic dissection, arterial tortuosity syndrome, bacterial endocarditis, balloon valvotomy, bicuspid aortic valve, congenitally fenestrated cusp rupture, cystic medial necrosis, hypertension, marantic endocarditis, prosthetic valve dysfunction, senile aortic ectasia and dilation, senile or degenerative calcific aortic valve disease, sinus of valsalva aneurysm, subaortic stenosis, syphilitic aortitis, subpulmonic ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, thoracic aortic aneurysm, unicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Psoriatic arthritis
Drug Side Effect Cabergoline, dexfenfluramine, dopamine agonists, fenfluramine, methysergide, pergolide, phentermine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Acromegaly
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Whipple disease
Genetic Ankylosing spondylitis, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, bicuspid aortic valve, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, mucolipidosis II alpha/beta, mucolipidosis III gamma, mucopolysaccharidosis, mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler/Scheie syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, rheumatoid arthritis, Scheie syndrome, Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome, truncus arteriosus, Turner's syndrome, unicuspid aortic valve
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Aortic valvuloplasty, balloon valvotomy, double switch operation, prosthetic valve dysfunction, radiation, Senning-Rastelli procedure
Infectious Disease Bacterial endocarditis, perivalvular abscess, Q fever, rheumatic fever, syphilis, syphilitic aortitis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Ankylosing spondylitis, collagen vascular disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's Syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Mucolipidosis II alpha/beta, mucolipidosis III gamma
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Bechterew's disease, Behcet disease, collagen vascular disease, cystic medial necrosis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, giant cell arteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Marfan syndrome, myxomatous aortic valve, osteogenesis imperfecta, polychondritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, spondyloarthropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, Takayasu arteritis, ulcerative colitis, Whipple disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Chest trauma, traumatic aortic rupture
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes of Aortic Insufficiency as of Type of Onset

Causes of Acute Aortic Insufficiency

The causes of Acute Aortic Insufficiency include the following:[33][34][35][10]

Causes of Chronic Aortic Insufficiency

The cause of Chronic Aortic Insufficiency include the following:[1][39]

References

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