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===Cutaneous Anthrax=== | ===Cutaneous Anthrax=== | ||
A history of exposure to contaminated animal materials, occupational exposure, and living in an endemic area is crucial when considering a diagnosis of anthrax. A painless, [[pruritus|pruritic]] [[papule]], surrounding [[vesicle]]s and [[edema]], usually on an exposed region of the body should raise a concern of [[cutaneous anthrax]], which is confirmed by the demonstration of [[Gram-positive]] encapsulated [[bacilli]] from the lesion and/or positive culture for ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' from the lesion and/or positive specialized tests. | * A history of exposure to contaminated animal materials, occupational exposure, and living in an endemic area is crucial when considering a diagnosis of anthrax. A painless, [[pruritus|pruritic]] [[papule]], surrounding [[vesicle]]s and [[edema]], usually on an exposed region of the body should raise a concern of [[cutaneous anthrax]], which is confirmed by the demonstration of [[Gram-positive]] encapsulated [[bacilli]] from the lesion and/or positive culture for ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' from the lesion and/or positive specialized tests. | ||
The differential diagnosis of the anthrax [[eschar]] includes a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions including:<ref>{{cite book | last = Turnbull | first = Peter | title = Anthrax in humans and animals | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2008 | isbn = 9789241547536 }}</ref> | * The differential diagnosis of the anthrax [[eschar]] includes a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions including:<ref>{{cite book | last = Turnbull | first = Peter | title = Anthrax in humans and animals | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2008 | isbn = 9789241547536 }}</ref> | ||
:* [[Boil]] (early lesion) | |||
:* [[Spider bite|Arachnid bites]] | |||
:* [[Ulcer]] (especially tropical) | |||
:* [[Erysipelas]] | |||
:* [[Glanders]] | |||
:* [[Plague]] | |||
:* [[chancre|Syphilitic chancre]] | |||
:* [[tularemia|Ulceroglandular tularemia]] | |||
:* [[Clostridia|Clostridial infection]] | |||
:* [[Rickettsial disease]]s | |||
:* [[Mucor|Rhizomucor infections]] | |||
:* [[Orf]] | |||
:* [[Vaccinia]] | |||
:* [[Cowpox]] | |||
:* [[Rat-bite fever]] | |||
:* [[Leishmaniasis]] | |||
:* [[Ecthyma gangrenosum]] | |||
:* [[Herpes]] | |||
* [[ | * Generally these other diseases and conditions lack the characteristic [[edema]] of anthrax. The absence of [[pus]], the lack of [[pain]], and the patient’s occupation may provide further diagnostic clues. The outbreak of [[Rift Valley fever]], initially thought to be anthrax in livestock, also affected numerous humans. | ||
* In the differential diagnosis of the severe forms, [[orbital cellulitis]], [[dacryocystitis]] and [[deep neck infection|deep tissue infection of the neck]] should be considered in the case of severe anthrax lesions involving the face, neck and anterior chest wall. [[necrotizing fasciitis|Necrotizing soft tissue infections]], particularly [[Streptococcus pyogenes|group A streptococcal infections]] and [[gas gangrene]], and severe [[cellulitis]] due to [[staphylococci]], should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe forms of cutaneous anthrax. [[gas gangrene|Gas]] and [[abscess]] formation are not observed in patients with cutaneous anthrax. [[Abscess|Abscess formation]] is only seen when the lesion is infected with other bacteria such as [[streptococci]] or [[staphylococci]]. | |||
===Ingestional Anthrax (Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Anthrax)=== | |||
* In the differential diagnosis of oropharyngeal anthrax, [[diphtheria]] and complicated [[tonsillitis]], [[streptococcal pharyngitis]], [[Vincent's angina]], [[Ludwig's angina]], parapharyngeal [[abscess]], and [[deep neck infection|deep-tissue infection of the neck]] should be considered. | |||
* The differential diagnosis in gastrointestinal anthrax includes [[food poisoning]] (in the early stages of intestinal anthrax), [[acute abdomen]] due to other reasons, and hemorrhagic [[gastroenteritis]] caused by other microorganisms, particularly necrotizing [[enteritis]] caused by ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]'' and [[dysentery]] (amebic or bacterial).<ref>{{cite book | last = Turnbull | first = Peter | title = Anthrax in humans and animals | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2008 | isbn = 9789241547536 }}</ref> | |||
===Inhalational Anthrax (Pulmonary, Mediastinal, and Respiratory Anthrax)=== | ===Inhalational Anthrax (Pulmonary, Mediastinal, and Respiratory Anthrax)=== | ||
Alternative diagnoses to be considered are | * Alternative diagnoses to be considered are ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]'', [[Legionnaires' disease]], [[psittacosis]], [[tularemia]], [[Q fever]], viral [[pneumonia]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[coccidiomycosis]], and [[malignancy]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Turnbull | first = Peter | title = Anthrax in humans and animals | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2008 | isbn = 9789241547536 }}</ref> | ||
===Anthrax Meningitis=== | ===Anthrax Meningitis=== | ||
Differential diagnosis should take into account acute meningitis of other bacterial etiologies and other cerebral afflictions, such as cerebral malaria or subarachnoid hemorrhage | * Differential diagnosis should take into account acute [[meningitis]] of other bacterial etiologies and other cerebral afflictions, such as cerebral [[malaria]] or [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by visualization of the capsulated [[bacilli]] in the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] and/or by culture.<ref>{{cite book | last = Turnbull | first = Peter | title = Anthrax in humans and animals | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2008 | isbn = 9789241547536 }}</ref> | ||
===Anthrax Sepsis=== | ===Anthrax Sepsis=== | ||
In the differential diagnosis, sepsis due to other bacteria should be considered. | * In the differential diagnosis, [[sepsis]] due to other bacteria should be considered. Definitive diagnosis is made by the isolation of ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' from the primary lesion and from blood cultures or by detection of the toxin or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of ''[[Bacillus anthracis|B. anthracis]]'' in these specimens.<ref>{{cite book | last = Turnbull | first = Peter | title = Anthrax in humans and animals | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2008 | isbn = 9789241547536 }}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 18:44, 16 July 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Differentiating Anthrax from Other Diseases
Cutaneous Anthrax
- A history of exposure to contaminated animal materials, occupational exposure, and living in an endemic area is crucial when considering a diagnosis of anthrax. A painless, pruritic papule, surrounding vesicles and edema, usually on an exposed region of the body should raise a concern of cutaneous anthrax, which is confirmed by the demonstration of Gram-positive encapsulated bacilli from the lesion and/or positive culture for Bacillus anthracis from the lesion and/or positive specialized tests.
- The differential diagnosis of the anthrax eschar includes a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions including:[1]
- Generally these other diseases and conditions lack the characteristic edema of anthrax. The absence of pus, the lack of pain, and the patient’s occupation may provide further diagnostic clues. The outbreak of Rift Valley fever, initially thought to be anthrax in livestock, also affected numerous humans.
- In the differential diagnosis of the severe forms, orbital cellulitis, dacryocystitis and deep tissue infection of the neck should be considered in the case of severe anthrax lesions involving the face, neck and anterior chest wall. Necrotizing soft tissue infections, particularly group A streptococcal infections and gas gangrene, and severe cellulitis due to staphylococci, should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe forms of cutaneous anthrax. Gas and abscess formation are not observed in patients with cutaneous anthrax. Abscess formation is only seen when the lesion is infected with other bacteria such as streptococci or staphylococci.
Ingestional Anthrax (Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Anthrax)
- In the differential diagnosis of oropharyngeal anthrax, diphtheria and complicated tonsillitis, streptococcal pharyngitis, Vincent's angina, Ludwig's angina, parapharyngeal abscess, and deep-tissue infection of the neck should be considered.
- The differential diagnosis in gastrointestinal anthrax includes food poisoning (in the early stages of intestinal anthrax), acute abdomen due to other reasons, and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis caused by other microorganisms, particularly necrotizing enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens and dysentery (amebic or bacterial).[2]
Inhalational Anthrax (Pulmonary, Mediastinal, and Respiratory Anthrax)
- Alternative diagnoses to be considered are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionnaires' disease, psittacosis, tularemia, Q fever, viral pneumonia, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, and malignancy.[3]
Anthrax Meningitis
- Differential diagnosis should take into account acute meningitis of other bacterial etiologies and other cerebral afflictions, such as cerebral malaria or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by visualization of the capsulated bacilli in the cerebrospinal fluid and/or by culture.[4]
Anthrax Sepsis
- In the differential diagnosis, sepsis due to other bacteria should be considered. Definitive diagnosis is made by the isolation of Bacillus anthracis from the primary lesion and from blood cultures or by detection of the toxin or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of B. anthracis in these specimens.[5]
References
- ↑ Turnbull, Peter (2008). Anthrax in humans and animals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241547536.
- ↑ Turnbull, Peter (2008). Anthrax in humans and animals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241547536.
- ↑ Turnbull, Peter (2008). Anthrax in humans and animals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241547536.
- ↑ Turnbull, Peter (2008). Anthrax in humans and animals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241547536.
- ↑ Turnbull, Peter (2008). Anthrax in humans and animals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241547536.