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{{Acute myeloid leukemia}}
{{Acute myeloid leukemia}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}} {{CLG}} {{shyam}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}}, {{CLG}}, {{shyam}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
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A number of risk factors for developing acute myeloid leukemia have been identified including:
A number of risk factors for developing acute myeloid leukemia have been identified including:


*'''Advanced age''': This is the most common risk factor for acute leukemia. Elderly patients are more likely to develop myeloid leukemia, due to a longer duration and opportunity for mutations to accumulate in cells. These mutations are more likely to accumulate in hematopoietic stem cells through a process called clonal evolution.<ref name="pmid25056697">{{cite journal| author=Grove CS, Vassiliou GS| title=Acute myeloid leukaemia: a paradigm for the clonal evolution of cancer? | journal=Dis Model Mech | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 8 | pages= 941-51 | pmid=25056697 | doi=10.1242/dmm.015974 | pmc=4107323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25056697  }} </ref>
*'''Advanced age''': This is the most common risk factor for acute leukemia. Elderly patients are more likely to develop myeloid leukemia, due to a longer duration and opportunity for mutations to accumulate in cells. These mutations are more likely to accumulate in [[hematopoietic stem cells]] through a process called clonal evolution.<ref name="pmid25056697">{{cite journal| author=Grove CS, Vassiliou GS| title=Acute myeloid leukaemia: a paradigm for the clonal evolution of cancer? | journal=Dis Model Mech | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 8 | pages= 941-51 | pmid=25056697 | doi=10.1242/dmm.015974 | pmc=4107323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25056697  }} </ref>
*'''Benzene'''<ref name="pmid22166497">{{cite journal| author=McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT| title=Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. | journal=Carcinogenesis | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 240-52 | pmid=22166497 | doi=10.1093/carcin/bgr297 | pmc=3271273 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166497  }} </ref>: Benzene is a chemical solvent and aromatic hydrocarbon, for which exposure is a significant risk factor for acute leukemia.<ref name="pmid22166497">{{cite journal| author=McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT| title=Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. | journal=Carcinogenesis | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 240-52 | pmid=22166497 | doi=10.1093/carcin/bgr297 | pmc=3271273 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166497  }} </ref>
*'''Benzene'''<ref name="pmid22166497">{{cite journal| author=McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT| title=Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. | journal=Carcinogenesis | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 240-52 | pmid=22166497 | doi=10.1093/carcin/bgr297 | pmc=3271273 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166497  }} </ref>: Benzene is a chemical solvent and aromatic hydrocarbon, for which exposure is a significant risk factor for acute leukemia.<ref name="pmid22166497">{{cite journal| author=McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT| title=Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. | journal=Carcinogenesis | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 240-52 | pmid=22166497 | doi=10.1093/carcin/bgr297 | pmc=3271273 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166497  }} </ref>
*'''Prior myelodysplastic syndrome''': [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]] is a disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, defective maturation of blood cells, and peripheral cytopenias. Antecedant [[myelodysplastic syndrome]] is implicated in some forms of acute leukemia, such as [[acute myeloid leukemia]]. Myelodysplastic syndrome is a precursor for leukemia, as this disease is characterized by the presence of dysplastic or cancerous cells that do not meet the requirements for a formal diagnosis of leukemia.<ref name="pmid23980065">{{cite journal| author=Malcovati L, Hellström-Lindberg E, Bowen D, Adès L, Cermak J, Del Cañizo C et al.| title=Diagnosis and treatment of primary myelodysplastic syndromes in adults: recommendations from the European LeukemiaNet. | journal=Blood | year= 2013 | volume= 122 | issue= 17 | pages= 2943-64 | pmid=23980065 | doi=10.1182/blood-2013-03-492884 | pmc=3811170 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23980065  }} </ref>
*'''Prior myelodysplastic syndrome''': [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]] is a disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, defective maturation of blood cells, and peripheral cytopenias. Antecedent [[myelodysplastic syndrome]] is implicated in some forms of acute leukemia, such as [[acute myeloid leukemia]]. Myelodysplastic syndrome is a precursor for leukemia, as this disease is characterized by the presence of dysplastic or cancerous cells that do not meet the requirements for a formal diagnosis of leukemia.<ref name="pmid23980065">{{cite journal| author=Malcovati L, Hellström-Lindberg E, Bowen D, Adès L, Cermak J, Del Cañizo C et al.| title=Diagnosis and treatment of primary myelodysplastic syndromes in adults: recommendations from the European LeukemiaNet. | journal=Blood | year= 2013 | volume= 122 | issue= 17 | pages= 2943-64 | pmid=23980065 | doi=10.1182/blood-2013-03-492884 | pmc=3811170 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23980065  }} </ref>
*'''Germline mutations''': In general, germline predisposition to acute promyelocytic leukemia is rare. In patients with [[acute myeloid leukemia]], germline mutations in the ''RUNX1'' gene can predispose to the development of the cancer.<ref name="pmid28179279">{{cite journal| author=Sood R, Kamikubo Y, Liu P| title=Role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies. | journal=Blood | year= 2017 | volume= 129 | issue= 15 | pages= 2070-2082 | pmid=28179279 | doi=10.1182/blood-2016-10-687830 | pmc=5391618 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28179279  }} </ref>
*'''Germline mutations''': In general, germline predisposition to acute promyelocytic leukemia is rare. In patients with [[acute myeloid leukemia]], germline mutations in the ''[[RUNX1]]'' gene can predispose to the development of the cancer.<ref name="pmid28179279">{{cite journal| author=Sood R, Kamikubo Y, Liu P| title=Role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies. | journal=Blood | year= 2017 | volume= 129 | issue= 15 | pages= 2070-2082 | pmid=28179279 | doi=10.1182/blood-2016-10-687830 | pmc=5391618 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28179279  }} </ref>
*'''Other conditions''': Other causes include [[myeloproliferative syndrome|myeloproliferative]] syndromes, [[aplastic anemia]], [[myelofibrosis]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], chemical exposure and several [[congenital]] conditions such as [[Down syndrome]], [[Bloom syndrome]], [[Fanconi anemia]], and [[neurofibromatosis]].
*'''Other conditions''': Other causes include [[myeloproliferative syndrome|myeloproliferative]] syndromes, [[aplastic anemia]], [[myelofibrosis]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], chemical exposure and several [[congenital]] conditions such as [[Down syndrome]], [[Bloom syndrome]], [[Fanconi anemia]], and [[neurofibromatosis]].



Latest revision as of 13:03, 11 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2], Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [3], Shyam Patel [4]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[5]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of acute myeloid leukemia are advanced age, benzene exposure, prior myelodysplastic syndrome, germline mutations, and other conditions like aplastic anemia.

Risk Factors

A number of risk factors for developing acute myeloid leukemia have been identified including:


References

  1. Grove CS, Vassiliou GS (2014). "Acute myeloid leukaemia: a paradigm for the clonal evolution of cancer?". Dis Model Mech. 7 (8): 941–51. doi:10.1242/dmm.015974. PMC 4107323. PMID 25056697.
  2. 2.0 2.1 McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT (2012). "Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment". Carcinogenesis. 33 (2): 240–52. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgr297. PMC 3271273. PMID 22166497.
  3. Malcovati L, Hellström-Lindberg E, Bowen D, Adès L, Cermak J, Del Cañizo C; et al. (2013). "Diagnosis and treatment of primary myelodysplastic syndromes in adults: recommendations from the European LeukemiaNet". Blood. 122 (17): 2943–64. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-03-492884. PMC 3811170. PMID 23980065.
  4. Sood R, Kamikubo Y, Liu P (2017). "Role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies". Blood. 129 (15): 2070–2082. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-687830. PMC 5391618. PMID 28179279.

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