Activating protein gene transcriptions

Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) is a family of closely related transcription factors^[1]^[2] which plays a critical role in regulating gene expression during early development.^[3]

"AP-2 proteins can bind to G/C-rich elements, such as 5’-[G/C]CCN(3,4)GG[G/C]-3’ (41, 42)."^[4]

Human genes

Gene expressions

Interactions

Consensus sequences

Consensus sequences for the Activating protein 2 (AP-2) are GCCTGGCC.^[5]

Binding site for

Inverse copies

Enhancer activity

Promoter occurrences

Hypotheses

A1BG has no Activating protein elements in either promoter.
A1BG is not transcribed by an Activating protein elements.
Activating protein elements do not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

Samplings

Copying 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and two between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

Consensus sequences for the Activating protein 2 (AP-2) are TCTTCCC and CTCCCA.^[6]

Copying 5'-TCTTCCC-3' in "⌘F" yields one between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

Copying 5'-CTCCCA-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and five between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3' (starting with SuccessablesAP.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-CCCTGCGGC-3' at 1154.
negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 12, 5'-CCCTCAGGC-3' at 91, 5'-GCCAGCGGC-3' at 332, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1295, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1547, 5'-CCCTTAGGG-3' at 2766, 5'-GCCTCTGGC-3' at 2884, 5'-GCCAATGGG-3' at 2911, 5'-GCCCTGGGC-3' at 3498, 5'-CCCCATGGG-3' at 4223, 5'-CCCATGGGG-3' at 4224, 5'-CCCTTGGGG-3' at 4302, 5'-CCCTGGGGC-3' at 4427.
positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-CCCAAGGGC-3' at 1820.
positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-CCCTCCGGG-3' at 372, 5'-CCCGACGGC-3' at 483, 5'-GCCCCCGGC-3' at 1647, 5'-CCCGGCGGC-3' at 1758, 5'-GCCCGCGGG-3' at 1770, 5'-GCCGGTGGG-3' at 1852, 5'-CCCAGAGGC-3' at 1961, 5'-GCCAACGGG-3' at 3493, 5'-CCCTGTGGG-3' at 3533, 5'-CCCGTTGGC-3' at 3912.
complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-GGGTTCCCG-3' at 1820.
complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-GGGAGGCCC-3' at 372, 5'-GGGCTGCCG-3' at 483, 5'-CGGGGGCCG-3' at 1647, 5'-GGGCCGCCG-3' at 1758, 5'-CGGGCGCCC-3' at 1770, 5'-CGGCCACCC-3' at 1852, 5'-GGGTCTCCG-3' at 1961, 5'-CGGTTGCCC-3' at 3493, 5'-GGGACACCC-3' at 3533, 5'-GGGCAACCG-3' at 3912.
complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-GGGACGCCG-3' at 1154.
complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-GGGAGGCCC-3' at 372, 5'-GGGCTGCCG-3' at 483, 5'-CGGGGGCCG-3' at 1647, 5'-GGGCCGCCG-3' at 1758, 5'-CGGGCGCCC-3' at 1770, 5'-CGGCCACCC-3' at 1852, 5'-GGGTCTCCG-3' at 1961, 5'-CGGTTGCCC-3' at 3493, 5'-GGGACACCC-3' at 3533, 5'-GGGCAACCG-3' at 3912.

AAA core promoters

AAA proximal promoters

AAA distal promoters

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

References

↑ Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Characterization of a dimerization motif in AP-2 and its function in heterologous DNA-binding proteins". Science. 251 (4997): 1067–71. Bibcode:1991Sci...251.1067W. doi:10.1126/science.1998122. PMID 1998122.
↑ Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Analysis of the DNA-binding and activation properties of the human transcription factor AP-2". Genes Dev. 5 (4): 670–82. doi:10.1101/gad.5.4.670. PMID 2010091.
↑ Hilger-Eversheim K, Moser M, Schorle H, Buettner R (2000). "Regulatory roles of AP-2 transcription factors in vertebrate development, apoptosis and cell-cycle control". Gene. 260 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00454-6. PMID 11137286.
↑ Takayuki Murata, Chieko Noda, Yohei Narita1, Takahiro Watanabe, Masahiro Yoshida, Keiji Ashio, Yoshitaka Sato, Fumi Goshima, Teru Kanda, Hironori Yoshiyama, Tatsuya Tsurumi, and Hiroshi Kimura (27 January 2016). "Induction of Epstein-Barr Virus Oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) by Transcription Factors Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) and Early B Cell Factor (EBF)" (PDF). Journal of Virology. doi:10.1128/JVI.03227-15. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
↑ Isabelle R. Cohen, Susanne Grässel, Alan D. Murdoch, and Renat V. Iozzo (1 November 1993). "Structural characterization of the complete human perlecan gene and its promoter" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 90 (21): 10404–10408. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10404. PMID 8234307. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
↑ Yao EF, Denison MS (June 1992). "DNA sequence determinants for binding of transformed Ah receptor to a dioxin-responsive enhancer". Biochemistry. 31 (21): 5060–7. doi:10.1021/bi00136a019. PMID 1318077.

External links

[pmid1998122-1] Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Characterization of a dimerization motif in AP-2 and its function in heterologous DNA-binding proteins". Science. 251 (4997): 1067–71. Bibcode:1991Sci...251.1067W. doi:10.1126/science.1998122. PMID 1998122.

[pmid2010091-2] Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Analysis of the DNA-binding and activation properties of the human transcription factor AP-2". Genes Dev. 5 (4): 670–82. doi:10.1101/gad.5.4.670. PMID 2010091.

[pmid11137286-3] Hilger-Eversheim K, Moser M, Schorle H, Buettner R (2000). "Regulatory roles of AP-2 transcription factors in vertebrate development, apoptosis and cell-cycle control". Gene. 260 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00454-6. PMID 11137286.

[Murata-4] Takayuki Murata, Chieko Noda, Yohei Narita1, Takahiro Watanabe, Masahiro Yoshida, Keiji Ashio, Yoshitaka Sato, Fumi Goshima, Teru Kanda, Hironori Yoshiyama, Tatsuya Tsurumi, and Hiroshi Kimura (27 January 2016). "Induction of Epstein-Barr Virus Oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) by Transcription Factors Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) and Early B Cell Factor (EBF)" (PDF). Journal of Virology. doi:10.1128/JVI.03227-15. Retrieved 4 October 2020.

[Cohen-5] Isabelle R. Cohen, Susanne Grässel, Alan D. Murdoch, and Renat V. Iozzo (1 November 1993). "Structural characterization of the complete human perlecan gene and its promoter" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 90 (21): 10404–10408. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10404. PMID 8234307. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

[Yao-6] Yao EF, Denison MS (June 1992). "DNA sequence determinants for binding of transformed Ah receptor to a dioxin-responsive enhancer". Biochemistry. 31 (21): 5060–7. doi:10.1021/bi00136a019. PMID 1318077.

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transcription factor II A gene transcriptions General transcription factor II B gene transcriptions General transcription factor II D gene transcriptions General transcription factor II F gene transcriptions General transcription factor II H gene transcriptions General transcription factor gene transcriptions Gene transcriptions GGC triplet gene transcriptions Gibberellin responsive element gene transcriptions GLM box gene transcriptions Glucocorticoid response element gene transcriptions Grainy head gene transcriptions Grainy head transcription factor gene transcriptions Growth hormone response element gene transcriptions GT boxes Hac1p gene transcriptions Hair color gene expressions H and ACA box gene transcriptions H box gene transcriptions Heat-responsive element gene transcriptions Hex sequence gene transcriptions HMG box gene transcriptions HNF gene transcriptions Homeobox gene transcriptions Hsf1p gene transcriptions HY box gene transcriptions Hybrid C, A boxes Hybrid C, G boxes Hybrid C, T boxes Hypoxia-inducible factor gene transcriptions Hypoxia response elements I box gene transcriptions Initiator element gene transcriptions Initiator-like element gene transcriptions Inositol/choline-responsive elements Interaction gene transcriptions Interferon regulatory factors Inverse copy gene transcriptions Jasmonic acid-responsive element gene transcriptions K-boxes Kozak sequence gene transcriptions Kruppel-associated box gene transcriptions Krüppel-like factor gene transcriptions L box gene transcriptions Leu3 gene transcriptions M35 box gene transcriptions MADS box gene transcriptions Maf recognition element gene transcriptions M box gene transcriptions Mcm1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions Met31p box gene transcriptions Metal responsive element gene transcriptions Middle sporulation element gene transcriptions Mig1p gene transcriptions Model samplings Motif ten element gene transcriptions Msn2,4p gene transcriptions Musashi binding element gene transcriptions MYB recognition element gene transcriptions Myelocytomatosis transcription factor gene transcriptions Myocyte enhancer factor gene transcriptions N-boxes Ndt80p gene transcriptions Nuclear factor 1 Nuclear factor 𝜿B Nuclear factor gene transcriptions Nuclear factor of activated T cell gene transcriptions (NFAT) Nuclear factor Y gene transcriptions Nutrient-sensing response element gene transcriptions Oaf1p gene transcriptions ORE1 binding site gene transcriptions p53 response element gene transcriptions P63 DNA-binding site gene transcriptions P box gene transcriptions Pdr1,3p gene transcriptions Peroxisome proliferator hormone response element gene transcriptions Phosphate starvation-response transcription factor gene transcriptions Pollen1 element gene transcriptions Polycomb response element gene transcriptions Preinitiation complex Preinitiation complex gene transcriptions Pribnow box gene transcriptions Prolamin box gene transcriptions Promoter gene transcriptions Proximal promoter gene transcriptions Promoter occurrence gene transcriptions Pyrimidine box gene transcriptions Q element gene transcriptions Rap1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions Reb1 general regulatory factor gene transcriptions Retinoblastoma control element gene transcriptions Retinoic acid response element gene transcriptions Rgt1p gene transcriptions Rlm1p gene transcriptions RNA polymerase II gene transcriptions RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex Root specific element gene transcriptions ROR-response element gene transcriptions Rox1p gene transcriptions Rpn4p gene transcriptions R response element gene transcriptions SARE gene transcriptions Seed-specific element gene transcriptions Serum response element gene transcriptions Servenius sequence gene transcriptions Shoot specific element gene transcriptions Sip4p gene transcriptions Smp1p gene transcriptions Sp1 gene transcriptions Spaceflight gene expressions Specificity protein gene transcriptions STAT gene transcriptions Ste12p gene transcriptions Sterol response element gene transcriptions Sucrose box gene transcriptions Synaptic Activity-Responsive Elements TACTAAC box gene transcriptions TAGteam gene transcriptions Tapetum box gene transcriptions TATA binding protein associated factor gene transcriptions TATA binding protein gene transcriptions TATA box gene transcriptions TAT box gene transcriptions TATC box gene transcriptions Tbf1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions T box gene transcriptions TCCACCATA element gene transcriptions TC element gene transcriptions TCT gene transcriptions TEA consensus sequence gene transcriptions Tec1p gene transcriptions Telomeric repeat DNA-binding factor gene transcriptions Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element gene transcriptions TGF-β control elements (TCEs) TGF-β inhibitory elements (TIEs) Thyroid hormone response element gene transcriptions Transcriptional regulation Transcription bubble gene transcriptions Transcription factor gene transcriptions Transcription factor 3 gene transcriptions Transcription factory gene transcriptions Transcription start site gene transcriptions Translational control sequence gene transcriptions U box gene transcriptions Unfolded protein response element gene transcriptions Upstream response element gene transcriptions Upstream stimulatory factor gene transcriptions UTR promoter gene transcriptions V and P box gene transcriptions V box gene transcriptions Vhr1p gene transcriptions Vitamin D response element gene transcriptions W box gene transcriptions X box gene transcriptions Xbp1p gene transcriptions X core promoter element gene transcriptions Xenobiotic response element gene transcriptions Xenobiotic responsive element gene transcriptions Yap1p,2p gene transcriptions Y box gene transcriptions YY1 gene transcriptions Zap1p gene transcriptions Z box gene transcriptions Zinc responsive element gene transcriptions