Urticaria medical therapy
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Urticaria medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Urticarias can be very difficult to treat. There are no guaranteed treatments or means of controlling attacks, and some sub-populations are treatment resistant, with medications spontaneously losing their effectiveness and requiring new medications to control attacks. It can be difficult to determine appropriate medications since some such as loratadine require a day or two to build up to effective levels, and since the condition is intermittent and outbreaks typically clear up without any treatment.
Most treatment plans for urticaria involve being aware of one's triggers, but this can be difficult since there are several different forms of urticaria and people often exhibit more than one type. Also, since symptoms are often idiopathic there might not be any clear trigger. If one's triggers can be identified then outbreaks can often be managed by limiting one's exposure to these situations.
Medical Therapy
Histamine Antagonists
- Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, cetirizine and other H1 receptor antagonists are recommended as the first line treatment for urticaria. These are taken on a regular basis for their protective effect, lessening or halting attacks.[1]
- Antihistamines are effective on high doses and most of the time are tolerated by patients.[2]
- Furthermore H₂-receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine and ranitidine, may help to control symptoms either prophylactically or by relieving symptoms during an attack.[3]
- When H₂-receptor antagonists are taken in combination with H1 antihistamines, a synergistic effect is expected, which is more effective than either treatment alone.
- The use of ranitidine (or other H₂-receptor antagonists) for urticaria is considered an off-label use, since these drugs are primarily used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
- If the disease doesn't response to antihistamines, second line treatments are recommended.
Omalizumab
Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody against immunoglobulin E which is a good option for most patients with urticaria (effective in more than 80% of cases). It lessens the function of mast cells and helps eosinophil apoptosis. It also decreases cytokine release from basophils. Nevertheless high price of this medication is considered a drawback that decreases it's use. It is used subcutaneously and has been effective in different sub-types of urticaria, such as solar urticaria, cold urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, urticarial vasculitis and symptomatic dermatographic.[4][5]
Cyclosporine
- Cyclosporine A has been effective in some cases of urticaria by it's direct effect on liberation of the mast cell mediators, nevertheless due to it's high cost it is usually considered as an alternate treatment.[2][6]
- Cyclosporine has been related to longer remission in long term, compared to corticosteroids.
- Based on numerous studies cyclosporine is 64%-95% effective in patients with urticaria.[7]
- Due to it's side effects in long period of use, it is usually reserved for patients resistant to high doses of antihistamine and omalizumab.
Corticosteroids
- An oral corticosteroid, such as prednisone can sometimes be prescribed. In a randomized controlled trial done on adult who had urticaria with a duration less than 24 hours, a comparison between prednisone plus levocetirizine and levocetirizine alone, yielded 62% and 72% rates of resolution within two days, respectively.[8]
- Long term treatment must be avoided, due to high rates of adverse effects.[2]
Others
- Beta blockers, such as propranolol, have been effective in treatment of adrenergic urticaria.[9]
- In simultaneous mastocytosis, PUVA showed to be effective due to it's effect on mast cell reduction.[10][11][12]
- Tricyclic antidepressants such as doxepin, also are often potent H1 and H2 antagonists and may have a role in therapy, although their side effects usually limit their use.
- As of 2008 an Australian company is performing clinical trials with an analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone called melanotan (CUV1647) for the treatment of solar urticaria, which is a type of urticaria that develops in response to exposure to specific wavelengths of light.[13][14]
The following table is a summary of first and second line urticaria treatments and other alternatives:[15]
| First line treatment | Second line treatment | third line treatment | fourth line treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antihistamines | Omalizumab Cyclosporine |
Dapsone Hydroxychloroquine Sulfasalazine Colchicine Methotrexate Intravenous gamma globulin Plasmapheresis |
Corticosteroid H2 antagonist Leukotriene antagonists |
The following table is a summary of recommended treatment in different types of urticaria:[2]
| Types of urticaria | Standard treatment | Alternate treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Acute urticaria | H1 antihistamines (nonsedative) | Corticosteroid (Initiate 50 mg per day of prednisolone and continue for 3 days) |
| Chronic urticaria | H1 antihistamines (nonsedative) | |
| Dermographic urticaria | H1 antihistamines (nonsedative) | - |
| Delayed pressure urticaria | H1 antihistamines (nonsedative) | |
| Cold urticaria | H1 antihistamines (nonsedative) |
|
| Solar urticaria | Physical tolerance induction by UV light | H1 antihistamines (nonsedative) |
| Cholinergic urticaria | H1 antihistamines (nonsedative) | Danazol |
Contraindicated medications
Urticaria is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
References
- ↑ Greaves MW, Tan KT (2007). "Chronic Urticaria: Recent Advances". Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 33 (1–2): 134–143. doi:10.1007/s12016-007-0038-3. PMID 18094952.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Zuberbier T (2003). "Urticaria". Allergy. 58 (12): 1224–34. doi:10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00327.x. PMID 14616095.
- ↑ Lee EE, Maibach HI (2001). "Treatment of urticaria. An evidence-based evaluation of antihistamines". Am J Clin Dermatol. 2 (1): 27–32. PMID 11702618.
- ↑ Giménez-Arnau AM, Toubi E, Marsland AM, Maurer M (2016). "Clinical management of urticaria using omalizumab: the first licensed biological therapy available for chronic spontaneous urticaria". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 30 Suppl 5: 25–32. doi:10.1111/jdv.13697. PMID 27286500.
- ↑ Kayiran MA, Akdeniz N (2019). "Diagnosis and treatment of urticaria in primary care". North Clin Istanb. 6 (1): 93–99. doi:10.14744/nci.2018.75010. PMC 6526977 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 31180381. - ↑ Stellato C, de Paulis A, Ciccarelli A, Cirillo R, Patella V, Casolaro V; et al. (1992). "Anti-inflammatory effect of cyclosporin A on human skin mast cells". J Invest Dermatol. 98 (5): 800–4. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12499960. PMID 1373749.
- ↑ Vena GA, Cassano N, Colombo D, Peruzzi E, Pigatto P, Neo-I-30 Study Group (2006). "Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial". J Am Acad Dermatol. 55 (4): 705–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.04.078. PMID 17010756.
- ↑ Barniol C, Dehours E, Mallet J, Houze-Cerfon CH, Lauque D, Charpentier S (2017). "Levocetirizine and Prednisone Are Not Superior to Levocetirizine Alone for the Treatment of Acute Urticaria: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial". Ann Emerg Med. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.03.006. PMID 28476259.
- ↑ Shelley WB, Shelley ED (1985). "Adrenergic urticaria: a new form of stress-induced hives". Lancet. 2 (8463): 1031–3. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90905-5. PMID 2865515.
- ↑ Olafsson JH, Larkö O, Roupe G, Granerus G, Bengtsson U (1986). "Treatment of chronic urticaria with PUVA or UVA plus placebo: a double-blind study". Arch Dermatol Res. 278 (3): 228–31. doi:10.1007/BF00412929. PMID 2425755.
- ↑ Horio T (2000). "Indications and action mechanisms of phototherapy". J Dermatol Sci. 23 Suppl 1: S17–21. doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(99)00069-9. PMID 10764986.
- ↑ Godt O, Proksch E, Streit V, Christophers E (1997). "Short- and long-term effectiveness of oral and bath PUVA therapy in urticaria pigmentosa and systemic mastocytosis". Dermatology. 195 (1): 35–9. doi:10.1159/000245681. PMID 9267734.
- ↑ Baron, ED (2007-03-29). "Urticaria, Solar". WebMD. Retrieved 2007-12-26. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ McDonald, Kate (2007-04-13). "Tackling skin cancer in organ transplant patients". Australian Life Scientist. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ↑ Kaplan AP (2017). "Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Pathogenesis and Treatment Considerations". Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 9 (6): 477–482. doi:10.4168/aair.2017.9.6.477. PMC 5603475. PMID 28913986.