Scoliosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2]
Overview
The most common cause of scoliosis is idiopathic. Less common causes of scoliosis include congenital and neuromuscular.
Causes
There are three general causes of scoliosis:
- Congenital (present at birth) scoliosis is due to failure of vertebral formation or segmentation of affected vertebrae in utero.[1][2]
- Neuromuscular scoliosis is caused by problems such as poor muscle control or muscle weakness, or paralysis due to diseases such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, and polio.[3]
- Idiopathic scoliosis is scoliosis of unknown cause. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents is the most common type.[4]
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
Common causes
Common causes of scoliosis include:[4]
- Idiopathic
Less Common Causes
Less Common causes of scoliosis can be divided into:[3][4]
Nonstructural scoliosis
- Appendicitis
- Local inflammation
- Leg length discrepancy
- Muscle spasms
Structural scoliosis
- Amyoplasia congenita
- Arthrogryposis
- Bechterew's Disease
- Benign tumors
- Brucella infection of the spine
- Cerebral Palsy
- Chondrodysplasia
- Dislocation
- Dwarfism
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Fredrick's Ataxia
- Hemivertebra
- Homocystinuria
- Irradiation
- Malignant tumors
- Marfan's Syndrome
- Morquio's Disease
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Osteomalacia
- Osteoporosis
- Polyomyelitis
- Postoperative
- Rheumatic disease of the spine
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rickets
- Salmonella infection of the spine
- Scheuermann's disease
- Spinal cord trauma
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- Still's Disease
- Syringomyelia
- Tuberculosis of the spine
- Unilateral bar
- VonRecklinghausen's Disease
Genetic Causes
- Scoliosis may be caused by a mutations in the Mendelian gene, including:
- CHD7 gene
- PAX1 gene
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Dwarfism, |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Appendicitis, |
| Genetic | Chondrodysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Fredrick's Ataxia, |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Brucella infection of the spine |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Local inflammation, Leg length discrepancy, Muscle spasm, Amyoplasia congenita, Arthrogryposis, Bechterew's Disease, Benign tumors, Brucella infection of the spine, Cerebral Palsy, Chondrodysplasia, Dislocation, Dwarfism, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Hemivertebra |
| Neurologic | Cerebral Palsy, Fredrick's Ataxia |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Homocystinuria, |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Benign tumors, Irradiation |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Bechterew's Disease, |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Irradiation, |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
- Cause 1
- Cause 2
- Cause 3
- Cause 4
- Cause 5
- Cause 6
- Cause 7
- Cause 8
- Cause 9
- Cause 10
References
- ↑ Winter RB, Moe JH (1960,Jan 01). "Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 50 (1): 1-15. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Imagama S, Kawakami N (2005). "Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation". J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. 20: 20–25.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McCarthy, Richard E. (1999). "MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 435–449. doi:10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70096-1. ISSN 0030-5898.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.