Acute viral nasopharyngitis pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [2]

Overview

Rhinovirus (i.e., the most common cause of common cold) is usually transmitted via aerosols, generated by coughing or sneezing. Following transmission, the virus invades the epithelial cells and causes the release of inflammatory cytokines, leading to the various symptoms of common cold.

Pathophysiology

Virus

Common colds are most often caused by one of more than 100 serotypes of rhinoviruses, a type of picornavirus. Other viruses causing colds are coronavirus, human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and metapneumovirus.[1][2][3]

Transmission

Cold viruses are spread by aerosols created when a patient sneezes
Cold viruses are spread by aerosols created when a patient sneezes

The common cold virus is transmitted between people by one of these two ways:

  1. aerosol form generated by coughing, and sneezing.
  2. saliva or nasal discharge, either directly or from contaminated surfaces.
  • Asymptomatic patients can transmit the infection, too.[4]
  • The infectious period (i.e., time during which an infected person can infect others) begins about one day before symptoms begin, continues for the first five days of the illness.
  • The virus enters the cells of the epithelium of the nasopharynx and rapidly multiplies.
  • The virus enters the body mainly through the nose. Other entry points include the eyes; through drainage of tears from the lacrimal ducts into the nasopharynx.


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Pathogenesis

References

  1. "Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Infection)". The Merck Manual Online. Merck & Co. November 2005.
  2. CKS (2007). "Common Cold (Topic Review)". Clinical Knowledge Summaries Service.
  3. 3.0 3.1 van Kempen M, Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge P (1999). "An update on the pathophysiology of rhinovirus upper respiratory tract infections". Rhinology. 37 (3): 97–103. PMID 10567986.
  4. "Common Cold" (PDF) (pdf). Department of Health, Government of South Australia. 2005.
  5. Blaas D, Fuchs R (2016). "Mechanism of human rhinovirus infections". Mol Cell Pediatr. 3 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/s40348-016-0049-3. PMC 4889530. PMID 27251607.

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