Diffuse esophageal spasm differential diagnosis
Diffuse esophageal spasm Microchapters |
Differentiating Diffuse esophageal spasm from other Diseases |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
DES must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chest pain, weight loss and dysphagia, such as Angina, GERD, esophagitis, stricture/webs/rings as well as other motility disorders like nutcracker esophagus and hypertensive LES.
Differentiating DES from other Diseases
Disease | Signs & Symptoms | Findings on barium swallow | Endoscopy | Imaging test |
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Reflux esophagitis | Dysphagia (from peptic stricture)
Heartburn Hoarseness |
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A hiatus hernia may be present below the stricture
Lower esophageal pH studies will demonstrate pathologic gastroesophageal reflux |
Esophageal carcinoma | Dysphagia (initially for solids, liquids develops with advanced disease.)
Weight loss Lymphadenopathy Appetite changes Cachexia |
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Biopsy: for definite diagnosis and tumor histology |
Systemic sclerosis | Dysphagia
Muscle and joint pain Raynaud's phenomenon skin changes (e.g., rash, skin swelling or thickening). |
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Mucosal damage
Peptic stricture (advanced cases) |
Serology for
Antinuclear antibodies Rheumatoid factor creatine kinase ESR |
Nutcracker esophagus | Chest pain
Dysphagia |
rosary bead esophagus
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Inconclusive | Manometry: high-amplitude esophageal peristaltic contractions > 220 mm Hg measured after swallowing 10 15 ml of liquid |
Pseudoachalasia | Dysphagia
Weight loss Lymphadenopathy Appetite changes Cachexia Older patients Underlying malignancy that mimics idiopathic achalasia. Patients tend to be older, duration of symptoms shorter, and weight loss greater and more rapid. |
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Gastroscopic biopsy of gastroesophageal junction and cardia may demonstrate malignancy.
Findings at endoscopy, barium swallow, and manometry may be indistinguishable from achalasia. |
Chagas disease | Dysphagia
myocarditis Blepharitis Toxic megacolon |
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Giemsa stain: Trypanosoma cruzi.
PCR for trypanosome subtype |
Hypertensive LES | Dysphagia | Manometry: Basal LES pressure >40 mm Hg | ||
Esophageal candidiasis | Dysphagia
Immunocompromised History of corticosteroid |
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creamy white or yellowish plaques (thrush) in oropharynx or hypopharynx; may be normal exam |
plummer vinson syndrome |
- DES must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chest pain, dysphagia and weight loss, such as , [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].