Sporotrichosis history and symptoms

Revision as of 16:55, 28 January 2016 by Alison Leibowitz (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Sporotrichosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Sporotrichosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

Case Studies

Case #1

Sporotrichosis history and symptoms On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sporotrichosis history and symptoms

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sporotrichosis history and symptoms

CDC on Sporotrichosis history and symptoms

Sporotrichosis history and symptoms in the news

Blogs on Sporotrichosis history and symptoms

Directions to Hospitals Treating Sporotrichosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sporotrichosis history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alison Leibowitz [2]

Overview

Symptoms of cutaneous sporotrichosis include nodular lesions on the skin, at the point of inoculation, as well as along lymph nodes and vessels. The lesion is initially small and painless, and ranges in color from pink to purple. Left untreated, the lesion becomes larger, ulcerates, and oozes. Typically, cutaneous sporotrichosis lesions manifest in the upper extremities. Extracutaneous forms of sporotrichosis typically manifest with a broad range of unspecific clinical symptoms, frequently resulting in delayed diagnosis.

Forms and symptoms

Cutaneous (or skin) sporotrichosis

Symptoms of this form include nodular lesions or bumps in the skin, at the point of entry and also along lymph nodes and vessels. The lesion starts off small and painless, and ranges in color from pink to purple. Left untreated, the lesion becomes larger and looks similar to a boil and more lesions may appear, until a chronic ulcer develops. Usually, cutaneous sporotrichosis lesions occur in the finger, hand, and arm.

Fixed form:

  • Staying localized within the subcutaneous tissue, the fungus transforms into its yeast form.
  • Manifests at the site of inoculation with at least one, frequently ulcerated, lesion. The lesions are characterized by red edges due to capillary dilation and congestion
  • Fixed form sporotrichosis may spontaneously regress.
  • Fixed form sporotrichosis is the main clinical presentation in child patients.[1]

Lymphocutaneous form

  • This is the most common form of sporotrichosis, making up about 70% of cases.
  • Secondary lesions manifest along the adjacent lymphatic pathway.
  • The presence of systematic symptoms is rare.[2]

Extracutaneous/Systemic Sporotrichosis

Osteoarticular form

  • Most common extracutaneous form of sporotrichosis
  • Usually begins as monoarticular disease without associated systemic illness
  • May manifest by contiguity or hematogenous spread. Characterized by the involvement of bones and joints
  • Usually affects joints in the knee, wrist, elbow, and ankle
  • May manifest with tenosynovitis or bursitis
  • Frequently associated with arthritis. In these cases of coexisting diagnoses, lesions typically manifest along bones adjacent to affected joints.

Pulmonary sporotrichosis

Disseminated sporotrichosis

  • When the infection spreads from the primary site to secondary sites in the body, the disease develops into a rare and critical form called disseminated sporotrichosis. The infection can spread to joints and bones (called osteoarticular sporotrichosis) as well as the central nervous system and the brain (called sporotrichosis meningitis).
  • The symptoms of disseminated sporotrichosis include weight loss, anorexia, and appearance of bony lesions.[4]

Sporotrichosis in animals

Sporotrichosis can be diagnosed in domestic and wild mammals. In veterinary medicine it is most frequently seen in cats and horses. Cats have a particularly severe form of cutaneous sporotrichosis and also can serve as a source of zoonotic infection to persons who handle them and are exposed to exudate from skin lesions.

References

  1. Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO (2011). "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 24 (4): 633–54. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11. PMC 3194828. PMID 21976602.
  2. Bonifaz A, Saúl A, Paredes-Solis V, Fierro L, Rosales A, Palacios C; et al. (2007). "Sporotrichosis in childhood: clinical and therapeutic experience in 25 patients". Pediatr Dermatol. 24 (4): 369–72. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00452.x. PMID 17845157.
  3. Ramirez J, Byrd RP, Roy TM (1998). "Chronic cavitary pulmonary sporotrichosis: efficacy of oral itraconazole". J Ky Med Assoc. 96 (3): 103–5. PMID 9529831.
  4. Alvarado-Ramírez E, Torres-Rodríguez JM (2007). "In vitro susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii to six antifungal agents determined using three different methods". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 51 (7): 2420–3. doi:10.1128/AAC.01176-06. PMC 1913275. PMID 17438048.