Diabetes mellitus type 2 natural history, complications, and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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== Complications == | == Complications == | ||
Unlike [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Type 1]] diabetes, there is little tendency toward [[ketoacidosis]] in Type 2 diabetes, though it is not unknown. One effect that can occur is [[Non Ketonic Hyperglycemic coma|nonketonic hyperglycemia]]. Complex and multifactorial metabolic changes lead to damage and function impairment of many [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s, most importantly the [[cardiovascular]] system in both types. This leads to substantially increased [[morbidity]] and [[death|mortality]] in both Type 1 and Type 2 patients, but the two have quite different origins and treatments despite the similarity in complications. | Unlike [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Type 1]] diabetes, there is little tendency toward [[ketoacidosis]] in Type 2 diabetes, though it is not unknown. One effect that can occur is [[Non Ketonic Hyperglycemic coma|nonketonic hyperglycemia]]. Complex and multifactorial metabolic changes lead to damage and function impairment of many [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s, most importantly the [[cardiovascular]] system in both types. This leads to substantially increased [[morbidity]] and [[death|mortality]] in both Type 1 and Type 2 patients, but the two have quite different origins and treatments despite the similarity in complications. | ||
==Prognosis== | |||
===Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, and a High Risk for Diabetic Comas=== | |||
[[Hypoglycemia]], low blood glucose ([[sugar]]), sometimes called an insulin reaction, can happen even during those times when you're doing all you can to manage your diabetes. So, although many times you can't prevent it from happening, hypoglycemia can be treated before it gets worse. The symptoms of hypoglycemia include: | |||
*Shakiness | |||
*[[Dizziness]] | |||
*[[Sweating]] | |||
*Hunger | |||
*[[Headache]] | |||
*Pale skin color | |||
*Sudden moodiness or behavior changes, such as crying for no apparent reason | |||
*Clumsy or jerky movements | |||
*[[Seizure]] | |||
*Difficulty paying attention, or [[confusion]] | |||
*Tingling sensations around the mouth | |||
The quickest way to raise your blood glucose and treat hypoglycemia is with some form of sugar, such as 3 glucose tablets (you can buy these at the drug store), 1/2 cup of fruit juice, or 5-6 pieces of hard candy. Ask your health care professional or dietitian to list foods that you can use to treat low blood glucose. Good diabetes control is the best way we know to prevent [[hypoglycemia]]. | |||
[[Hyperglycemia]] is the technical term for high blood glucose (sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little, or not enough, [[insulin]] or when the body can't use insulin properly. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body may have enough insulin, but it is not as effective as it should be. The problem could be that you ate more than planned or exercised less than planned. The stress of an illness, such as a cold or flu, could also be the cause. Other stresses, such as family conflicts or school or dating problems, could also cause hyperglycemia. The signs and symptoms include: high blood glucose, high levels of sugar in the urine, frequent urination, and increased thirst. It's important to treat hyperglycemia as soon as you detect it. If you fail to treat hyperglycemia, a condition called [[ketoacidosis]] ([[diabetic coma]]) could occur. Ketoacidosis develops when your body doesn't have enough insulin. | |||
Often, you can lower your blood glucose level by exercising. Cutting down on the amount of food you eat might also help. Your best bet to prevent hyperglycemia is to practice good diabetes management. | |||
[[Ketoacidosis]] is life-threatening and needs immediate treatment. It can occur when a case of [[hyperglycemia]] gets out of control. Symptoms include: | |||
*[[Shortness of breath]] | |||
*Breath that smells fruity | |||
*[[Nausea]] and [[vomiting]] | |||
*Very dry mouth | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 19:08, 12 February 2013
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Diabetes mellitus type 2 Microchapters |
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Differentiating Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Medical therapy |
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Diabetes mellitus Main page |
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Patient Information |
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Natural History
Type 2 diabetes may go unnoticed for years because visible symptoms are typically mild, non-existent or sporadic, and usually there are no ketoacidotic episodes. However, severe long-term complications can result from unnoticed type 2 diabetes, including renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy, vascular disease (including coronary artery disease), vision damage due to diabetic retinopathy, loss of sensation or pain due to diabetic neuropathy, and liver damage from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Complications
Unlike Type 1 diabetes, there is little tendency toward ketoacidosis in Type 2 diabetes, though it is not unknown. One effect that can occur is nonketonic hyperglycemia. Complex and multifactorial metabolic changes lead to damage and function impairment of many organs, most importantly the cardiovascular system in both types. This leads to substantially increased morbidity and mortality in both Type 1 and Type 2 patients, but the two have quite different origins and treatments despite the similarity in complications.
Prognosis
Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, and a High Risk for Diabetic Comas
Hypoglycemia, low blood glucose (sugar), sometimes called an insulin reaction, can happen even during those times when you're doing all you can to manage your diabetes. So, although many times you can't prevent it from happening, hypoglycemia can be treated before it gets worse. The symptoms of hypoglycemia include:
- Shakiness
- Dizziness
- Sweating
- Hunger
- Headache
- Pale skin color
- Sudden moodiness or behavior changes, such as crying for no apparent reason
- Clumsy or jerky movements
- Seizure
- Difficulty paying attention, or confusion
- Tingling sensations around the mouth
The quickest way to raise your blood glucose and treat hypoglycemia is with some form of sugar, such as 3 glucose tablets (you can buy these at the drug store), 1/2 cup of fruit juice, or 5-6 pieces of hard candy. Ask your health care professional or dietitian to list foods that you can use to treat low blood glucose. Good diabetes control is the best way we know to prevent hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little, or not enough, insulin or when the body can't use insulin properly. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body may have enough insulin, but it is not as effective as it should be. The problem could be that you ate more than planned or exercised less than planned. The stress of an illness, such as a cold or flu, could also be the cause. Other stresses, such as family conflicts or school or dating problems, could also cause hyperglycemia. The signs and symptoms include: high blood glucose, high levels of sugar in the urine, frequent urination, and increased thirst. It's important to treat hyperglycemia as soon as you detect it. If you fail to treat hyperglycemia, a condition called ketoacidosis (diabetic coma) could occur. Ketoacidosis develops when your body doesn't have enough insulin. Often, you can lower your blood glucose level by exercising. Cutting down on the amount of food you eat might also help. Your best bet to prevent hyperglycemia is to practice good diabetes management. Ketoacidosis is life-threatening and needs immediate treatment. It can occur when a case of hyperglycemia gets out of control. Symptoms include:
- Shortness of breath
- Breath that smells fruity
- Nausea and vomiting
- Very dry mouth