COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders: Difference between revisions

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*Since financial issues were introduced as one of the most important factors associated with a higher rate of [[depression]] during the [[COVID-19]] [[pandemic]], financial supports such as unemployment insurance (UI) may be able to [[Prevention (medical)|prevent]] [[depression]] among the population at risk.<ref name="pmid33252615">{{cite journal| author=Berkowitz SA, Basu S| title=Unemployment Insurance, Health-Related Social Needs, Health Care Access, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. | journal=JAMA Intern Med | year= 2021 | volume= 181 | issue= 5 | pages= 699-702 | pmid=33252615 | doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7048 | pmc=8094006 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33252615  }} </ref>
*Since financial issues were introduced as one of the most important factors associated with a higher rate of [[depression]] during the [[COVID-19]] [[pandemic]], financial supports such as unemployment insurance (UI) may be able to [[Prevention (medical)|prevent]] [[depression]] among the population at risk.<ref name="pmid33252615">{{cite journal| author=Berkowitz SA, Basu S| title=Unemployment Insurance, Health-Related Social Needs, Health Care Access, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. | journal=JAMA Intern Med | year= 2021 | volume= 181 | issue= 5 | pages= 699-702 | pmid=33252615 | doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7048 | pmc=8094006 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33252615  }} </ref>
*Governments and [[public health]] authorities can use text messages or computer-based interventions, telehealth services, and mass media campaigns to decrease the risk of [[mental disorders]] among the population at risk.<ref name="pmid33426559">{{cite journal| author=Khubchandani J, Sharma S, Webb FJ, Wiblishauser MJ, Bowman SL| title=Post-lockdown depression and anxiety in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic. | journal=J Public Health (Oxf) | year= 2021 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 246-253 | pmid=33426559 | doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdaa250 | pmc=7928742 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33426559  }} </ref>
*Governments and [[public health]] authorities can use text messages or computer-based interventions, telehealth services, and mass media campaigns to decrease the risk of [[mental disorders]] among the population at risk.<ref name="pmid33426559">{{cite journal| author=Khubchandani J, Sharma S, Webb FJ, Wiblishauser MJ, Bowman SL| title=Post-lockdown depression and anxiety in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic. | journal=J Public Health (Oxf) | year= 2021 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 246-253 | pmid=33426559 | doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdaa250 | pmc=7928742 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33426559  }} </ref>
*One of the protective factors for [[depression]] during the [[pandemic]] was to construct a daily routine, including regular exercises and appropriate [[sleep]], which can be practiced individually.<ref name="pmid33373680">{{cite journal| author=Varma P, Junge M, Meaklim H, Jackson ML| title=Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. | journal=Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry | year= 2021 | volume= 109 | issue=  | pages= 110236 | pmid=33373680 | doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236 | pmc=7834119 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33373680  }} </ref>
*One of the protective factors for [[depression]] during the [[pandemic]] was to construct a daily routine, including regular [[Physical exercise|exercises]] and appropriate [[sleep]], which can be practiced individually.<ref name="pmid33373680">{{cite journal| author=Varma P, Junge M, Meaklim H, Jackson ML| title=Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. | journal=Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry | year= 2021 | volume= 109 | issue=  | pages= 110236 | pmid=33373680 | doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236 | pmc=7834119 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33373680  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:46, 1 January 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders

Overview

Historical Perspective

  • In November 2019, the new coronavirus (COVID-19) was detected in Wuhan in the Hubei state of China for the first time.[1]
  • By April 2020, stay-at-home advisories, or shelter-in-place policies have been applied in 42 states of the United States affecting no less than 316 million people (close to 96% of the US population).[2]
  • Based on multiple studies done in early 2020, the number of internet searches for mental health symptoms has been significantly increased. Furthermore, from the start of the pandemic, more people requested mental health services.[3]

Classification

The following are COVID-19-associated mental disorders that have been reported:[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders can be explained by the body's immunologic response to the virus or due to the psychological stressors such as isolation, loneliness, stigma, concerns about infecting others, and fear of death.

Immunologic Response To the Virus

Psychological Trauma

Side Effects of COVID-19 Treatment

Some of the medications used for COVID-19 treatment were known to cause neuropathic and neuropsychiatric side effects.[21][22]

Causes

Differentiating COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Age

Gender

Race

Risk Factors

Common risk factors relating to COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders:[26][1][24][27][8][28][29][6][30][18][31][32][19]

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders.

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders.

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders.

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders.

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders.

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Non-Medical Therapy

Telepsychiatry

Surgery

Prevention

  • Practiced by some countries, policies and interventions can help individuals to have a better mental health status during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance Australia developed an initiative called "Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners through the Medicare Benefits Schedule (Better Access)" in order to provide psychological therapy sessions for patients suffering from mental disorders.[19]
  • Proposing guidelines to provide an overview regarding the COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders for health care providers to improve their knowledge could also be helpful and has been practiced in some countries such as Singapore, India, China, and Malaysia.[19][37][38]
  • Providing accurate and reliable information regarding the COVID-19 and demolishing false information by governments and public health authorities can reduce distress and may prevent the mental disorders related to COVID-19.[17]
  • Assuring a proper supply of personal protective equipment, such as masks, and hand sanitizers to address the related concern of individuals during the pandemic.
  • Utilizing electronic devices and applications by public health authorities can ensure online access to a medical provider and can secure individuals from the stresses related to the availability of medical help.[39]
  • Since financial issues were introduced as one of the most important factors associated with a higher rate of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic, financial supports such as unemployment insurance (UI) may be able to prevent depression among the population at risk.[40]
  • Governments and public health authorities can use text messages or computer-based interventions, telehealth services, and mass media campaigns to decrease the risk of mental disorders among the population at risk.[23]
  • One of the protective factors for depression during the pandemic was to construct a daily routine, including regular exercises and appropriate sleep, which can be practiced individually.[3]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ustun G (2021). "Determining depression and related factors in a society affected by COVID-19 pandemic". Int J Soc Psychiatry. 67 (1): 54–63. doi:10.1177/0020764020938807. PMC 7331110 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32605422 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S (2020). "Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic". JAMA Netw Open. 3 (9): e2019686. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686. PMC 7489837 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32876685 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Varma P, Junge M, Meaklim H, Jackson ML (2021). "Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey". Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 109: 110236. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236. PMC 7834119 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33373680 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. Halaris AE, Belendiuk KT, Freedman DX (1975). "Antidepressant drugs affect dopamine uptake". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (20): 1896–7. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(75)90412-8. PMID psychiatric disorders COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bollettini I; et al. (2020). "Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors". Brain Behav Immun. 89: 594–600. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037. PMC 7390748 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32738287 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. 6.0 6.1 de Sousa Moreira JL, Barbosa SMB, Vieira JG, Chaves NCB, Felix EBG, Feitosa PWG; et al. (2021). "The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions associated with severe infections of COVID-19 and other coronaviruses". Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 106: 110159. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110159. PMC 7605739 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33147504 Check |pmid= value (help).
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  10. 10.0 10.1 Raudenská J, Steinerová V, Javůrková A, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O; et al. (2020). "Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic". Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 34 (3): 553–560. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.008. PMC 7367798 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33004166 Check |pmid= value (help).
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  15. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L; et al. (2020). "Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses". Brain Behav Immun. 87: 18–22. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031. PMC 7146689 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32240762 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. Miller AH, Raison CL (2016). "The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target". Nat Rev Immunol. 16 (1): 22–34. doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5. PMC 5542678. PMID 26711676.
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M; et al. (2020). "Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Global Health. 16 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w. PMC 7338126 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32631403 Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Gilsbach S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K (2021). "Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents With and Without Mental Disorders". Front Public Health. 9: 679041. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.679041. PMC 8602182 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34805060 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Samy AL, Awang Bono S, Tan SL, Low WY (2021). "Mental Health and COVID-19: Policies, Guidelines, and Initiatives from the Asia-Pacific Region". Asia Pac J Public Health. 33 (8): 839–846. doi:10.1177/10105395211025901. PMID 34308673 Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Pantaleón Y, Dios I, Falla D (2020). "Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression". Front Psychol. 11: 591797. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797. PMC 7674167 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33224080 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. 21.0 21.1 Soltani S, Tabibzadeh A, Zakeri A, Zakeri AM, Latifi T, Shabani M; et al. (2021). "COVID-19 associated central nervous system manifestations, mental and neurological symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Rev Neurosci. 32 (3): 351–361. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2020-0108. PMID 33618441 Check |pmid= value (help).
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  40. Berkowitz SA, Basu S (2021). "Unemployment Insurance, Health-Related Social Needs, Health Care Access, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic". JAMA Intern Med. 181 (5): 699–702. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7048. PMC 8094006 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33252615 Check |pmid= value (help).

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