Ureaplasma urealyticum overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Ureaplasma species (''U. urealyticum'' and ''U. parvum'') are commensal organisms commonly found in the [[urogenital tract]] of sexually active men and women.<ref name="pmid19109084">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Schelonka RL, Xiao L, Grigsby PL, Novy MJ| title=Congenital and opportunistic infections: Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis. | journal=Semin Fetal Neonatal Med | year= 2009 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 190-9 | pmid=19109084 | doi=10.1016/j.siny.2008.11.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19109084 }} </ref> These organisms are considered to be of low virulence although several studies have demonstrated an association between vaginal colonization by Ureaplasma species and adverse pregnancy outcomes including perinatal morbidity and mortality.<ref name="pmid 8399903">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH| title=Systemic neonatal infection due to Ureaplasma urealyticum. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 17 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S131-5 | pmid= 8399903 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8399903 }} </ref><ref name="pmid 2909979">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Philips JB, Canupp KC, Cassell GH| title=Ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1989 | volume= 83 | issue= 1 | pages= 79-85 | pmid= 2909979 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2909979 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26518581">{{cite journal| author=Resch B, Gutmann C, Reiterer F, Luxner J, Urlesberger B| title=Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity despite treatment with macrolide antibiotics. | journal=Infection | year= 2016 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 323-7 | pmid=26518581 | doi=10.1007/s15010-015-0858-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26518581 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref> Some studies also show an association between urogenital colonization by ''U. urealyticum'' and [[nongonococcal urethritis]] in men.<ref name="pmid11939406">{{cite journal| author=Povlsen K, Bjørnelius E, Lidbrink P, Lind I| title=Relationship of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 to nongonococcal urethritis. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2002 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-101 | pmid=11939406 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11939406 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15076934">{{cite journal| author=Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, Yasuda M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H et al.| title=Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) with nongonococcal urethritis. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 192-5 | pmid=15076934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15076934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15379939">{{cite journal| author=Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H, Matsumoto T, Naito S, Kumon H et al.| title=Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis using polymerase chain reaction-microtiter plate hybridization. | journal=Int J Urol | year= 2004 | volume= 11 | issue= 9 | pages= 750-4 | pmid=15379939 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00887.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15379939 }} </ref> However, the pathogenic role of ''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' in [[nongonococcal urethritis]] is still not clear.<ref name="pmid20498103">{{cite journal| author=Couldwell DL, Gidding HF, Freedman EV, McKechnie ML, Biggs K, Sintchenko V et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum is significantly associated with non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual Sydney men. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 2010 | volume= 21 | issue= 5 | pages= 337-41 | pmid=20498103 | doi=10.1258/ijsa.2009.009499 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20498103 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24047884">{{cite journal| author=Shimada Y, Ito S, Mizutani K, Sugawara T, Seike K, Tsuchiya T et al.| title=Bacterial loads of Ureaplasma urealyticum contribute to development of urethritis in men. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 2014 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 294-8 | pmid=24047884 | doi=10.1177/0956462413504556 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24047884 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27000449">{{cite journal| author=Esen B, Gozalan A, Sevindi DF, Demirbas A, Onde U, Erkayran U et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum: Presence among Sexually Transmitted Diseases. | journal=Jpn J Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-79 | pmid=27000449 | doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.258 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27000449 }} </ref> Colonization with Ureaplasma species occur in asymptomatic and symptomatic infants and adults, and further investigations to determine the exact pathogenic role of Ureaplasma is required.<ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref> There is often a medical dilemma as to whether an isolation of Ureaplasma represent a 'true' infection or 'mere' colonization. Hence, the challenge in making a decision whether medical treatment is necessary. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Ureaplasma species (U. urealyticum and U. parvum) are commensal organisms commonly found in the urogenital tract of sexually active men and women.[1] These organisms are considered to be of low virulence although several studies have demonstrated an association between vaginal colonization by Ureaplasma species and adverse pregnancy outcomes including perinatal morbidity and mortality.[2][3][4][5] Some studies also show an association between urogenital colonization by U. urealyticum and nongonococcal urethritis in men.[6][7][8] However, the pathogenic role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in nongonococcal urethritis is still not clear.[9][10][11] Colonization with Ureaplasma species occur in asymptomatic and symptomatic infants and adults, and further investigations to determine the exact pathogenic role of Ureaplasma is required.[5] There is often a medical dilemma as to whether an isolation of Ureaplasma represent a 'true' infection or 'mere' colonization. Hence, the challenge in making a decision whether medical treatment is necessary.
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Rhinitis from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
X ray
CT
Other Diagnostic Studies
Medical Therapy
Surgery
References
- ↑ Waites KB, Schelonka RL, Xiao L, Grigsby PL, Novy MJ (2009). "Congenital and opportunistic infections: Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis". Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 14 (4): 190–9. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2008.11.009. PMID 19109084.
- ↑ Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH (1993). "Systemic neonatal infection due to Ureaplasma urealyticum". Clin Infect Dis. 17 Suppl 1: S131–5. PMID 8399903 8399903 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Waites KB, Crouse DT, Philips JB, Canupp KC, Cassell GH (1989). "Ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn". Pediatrics. 83 (1): 79–85. PMID 2909979 2909979 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Resch B, Gutmann C, Reiterer F, Luxner J, Urlesberger B (2016). "Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity despite treatment with macrolide antibiotics". Infection. 44 (3): 323–7. doi:10.1007/s15010-015-0858-7. PMID 26518581.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H; et al. (2008). "Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses". Microbiol Immunol. 52 (6): 297–304. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x. PMID 18577163.
- ↑ Povlsen K, Bjørnelius E, Lidbrink P, Lind I (2002). "Relationship of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 to nongonococcal urethritis". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 21 (2): 97–101. PMID 11939406.
- ↑ Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, Yasuda M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H; et al. (2004). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) with nongonococcal urethritis". Sex Transm Dis. 31 (3): 192–5. PMID 15076934.
- ↑ Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H, Matsumoto T, Naito S, Kumon H; et al. (2004). "Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis using polymerase chain reaction-microtiter plate hybridization". Int J Urol. 11 (9): 750–4. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00887.x. PMID 15379939.
- ↑ Couldwell DL, Gidding HF, Freedman EV, McKechnie ML, Biggs K, Sintchenko V; et al. (2010). "Ureaplasma urealyticum is significantly associated with non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual Sydney men". Int J STD AIDS. 21 (5): 337–41. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2009.009499. PMID 20498103.
- ↑ Shimada Y, Ito S, Mizutani K, Sugawara T, Seike K, Tsuchiya T; et al. (2014). "Bacterial loads of Ureaplasma urealyticum contribute to development of urethritis in men". Int J STD AIDS. 25 (4): 294–8. doi:10.1177/0956462413504556. PMID 24047884.
- ↑ Esen B, Gozalan A, Sevindi DF, Demirbas A, Onde U, Erkayran U; et al. (2017). "Ureaplasma urealyticum: Presence among Sexually Transmitted Diseases". Jpn J Infect Dis. 70 (1): 75–79. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.258. PMID 27000449.