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*''[[Pasteurella]]'' is usually transmitted via the cutaneous route to the human host.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' is usually transmitted via the cutaneous route to the human host.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' uses a number of mechanisms for avoiding or suppressing bactericidal responses:
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' uses a number of mechanisms for avoiding or suppressing bactericidal responses:
**Lipopolysaccharides and the bacterias capsule probably play a substantial role in intracellular survival.
**Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the bacterias capsule probably play a substantial role in intracellular survival
**[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] capsule has been shown in strains belonging to serogroups A and B to help resist phagocytosis by host immune cells and capsule type A has also been shown to help resist complement-mediated lysis
**The LPS produced by [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] consists of a hydrophobic lipid A molecule (that anchors the LPS to the outer membrane), an inner core, and an outer core, both consisting of a series of sugars linked in a specific way
**A study in a serovar 1 strain showed that a full-length LPS molecule was essential for the bacteria to be fully virulent in chickens
**Strains that cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs are unique as they also have [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] toxin (PMT) residing on a bacteriophage. PMT is responsible for the twisted snouts observed in pigs infected with the bacteria. This toxin activates Rho GTPases, which bind and hydrolyze GTP, and are important in actin stress fiber formation
**Formation of stress fibers may aid in the endocytosis of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']]
**The host cell cycle is also modulated by the toxin, which can act as an intracellularmitogen
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' needs iron to grow.  
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' needs iron to grow.  
**[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] has developed mechanisms acquire iron from hemoglobin, ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin.<ref name="pmid226439163">{{cite journal| author=Wilkie IW, Harper M, Boyce JD, Adler B| title=Pasteurella multocida: diseases and pathogenesis. | journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol | year= 2012 | volume= 361 | issue=  | pages= 1-22 | pmid=22643916 | doi=10.1007/82_2012_216 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22643916  }} </ref>
**[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] has developed mechanisms acquire iron from hemoglobin, ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin.<ref name="pmid226439163">{{cite journal| author=Wilkie IW, Harper M, Boyce JD, Adler B| title=Pasteurella multocida: diseases and pathogenesis. | journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol | year= 2012 | volume= 361 | issue=  | pages= 1-22 | pmid=22643916 | doi=10.1007/82_2012_216 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22643916  }} </ref><ref name="b">Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016  </ref>


==Types==
==Types==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2015}}
There are several forms of the infection:
There are several forms of the infection:


Line 49: Line 54:


==Causes==
==Causes==
*Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with ''[[Pasteurella]]'' spp.
*Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with ''[[Pasteurella]]'' [[Pasteurella|''spp''.]]
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are nonmotile and pleomorphic.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are nonmotile and pleomorphic.
*Most ''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are catalase- and oxidase-positive.
*Most ''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are catalase- and oxidase-positive.
*[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is the most frequent causative agent in human.
*[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is the most frequent causative agent in human.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' cells occur in many cats' mouths, a large percentage of dogs' mouths, and frequently in rabbits. This is in perfectly normal and otherwise healthy animals.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' cells occur in many cats mouths, a large percentage of dogs mouths, and frequently in rabbits. This is in perfectly normal and otherwise healthy animals.
**Cats oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 70%–90%
**Cats oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 70%–90%
**Dogs oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 50%–60%
**Dogs oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 50%–60%
*Several reports describe human infections by ''[[Pasteurella]]'' [[Pasteurella|''spp''.]] that were acquired after '''close contact with pets''', including sharing a bed, being licked by, kissing the pets, animal scratches or bites.
*Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection.
*Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection.
*Several reports describe human infections by ''[[Pasteurella]]'' spp. that were acquired after '''close contact with pets''', including sharing a bed, being licked by, kissing the pets, animal scratches or bites.
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the animals oropharyngeal secretions through licking or sniffing.<ref name="b">Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016  </ref><ref name="pmid21291584">{{cite journal| author=Chomel BB, Sun B| title=Zoonoses in the bedroom. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-72 | pmid=21291584 | doi=10.3201/eid1702.101070 | pmc=PMC3298380 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21291584  }} </ref><ref name="abc">Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases common to Man and Animals. PAHO (2001). http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19187&Itemid= Accessed on February 10, 2016  </ref><ref name="pmid15365869">{{cite journal| author=Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J et al.| title=Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review. | journal=J Infect Chemother | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 250-2 | pmid=15365869 | doi=10.1007/s10156-004-0331-5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15365869  }} </ref>
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the animals’ oropharyngeal secretions through licking or sniffing
**[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] infection of a hip replacement site occurred in a 69-year-old man. This man indicated that the dog had shared his bed before and after his operations, sleeping under the covers on the side of the affected leg, as it had done every night.<ref name="pmid21291584">{{cite journal| author=Chomel BB, Sun B| title=Zoonoses in the bedroom. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-72 | pmid=21291584 | doi=10.3201/eid1702.101070 | pmc=PMC3298380 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21291584  }} </ref><ref name="abc">Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases common to Man and Animals. PAHO (2001). http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19187&Itemid= Accessed on February 10, 2016  </ref><ref name="b">Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016  </ref><ref name="pmid15365869">{{cite journal| author=Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J et al.| title=Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review. | journal=J Infect Chemother | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 250-2 | pmid=15365869 | doi=10.1007/s10156-004-0331-5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15365869  }} </ref>


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2015}}
Diagnosis is made with isolation of ''Pasteurella multocida'' in a normally sterile site (blood, pus or CSF).
Diagnosis is made with isolation of ''Pasteurella multocida'' in a normally sterile site (blood, pus or CSF).



Revision as of 16:04, 10 February 2016

Pasteurellosis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 A28.0
ICD-9 027.2
MeSH D010326
This page is about clinical aspects of the disease.  For microbiologic aspects of the causative organism(s), see Pasteurella multocida.

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac

Synonyms and keywords: Shipping fever; bovine respiratory disease complex; fibrinous pneumonia; pasteurella pneumonia; hemorrhagic septicemia; fowl cholera; snuffles

Overview

Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus Pasteurella,[1] which is found in humans and other animals.

Pasteurella multocida (subsp. septica and subsp. multocida) is carried in the mouth and respiratory tract of various animals, including pigs.[2] It is a small Gram negative bacillus with bipolar staining by Wayson stain. In animals, it can originate fulminant septicaemia (chicken cholera), but is also a common commensal.

Until taxonomic revision in 1999,[3] Mannheimia spp. were classified as Pasteurella spp., and infections by organisms now called Mannheimia spp., as well as by organisms now called Pasteurella spp., were designated as pasteurellosis. The term "pasteurellosis" is often still applied to mannheimiosis, although such usage has declined.

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

  • The mechanisms of pathogenesis of Pasteurella infection in its natural host species and in humans are still not completely understood, and further studies are needed.
  • Pasteurella is usually transmitted via the cutaneous route to the human host.
  • Pasteurella uses a number of mechanisms for avoiding or suppressing bactericidal responses:
    • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the bacterias capsule probably play a substantial role in intracellular survival
    • P. multocida capsule has been shown in strains belonging to serogroups A and B to help resist phagocytosis by host immune cells and capsule type A has also been shown to help resist complement-mediated lysis
    • The LPS produced by P. multocida consists of a hydrophobic lipid A molecule (that anchors the LPS to the outer membrane), an inner core, and an outer core, both consisting of a series of sugars linked in a specific way
    • A study in a serovar 1 strain showed that a full-length LPS molecule was essential for the bacteria to be fully virulent in chickens
    • Strains that cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs are unique as they also have P. multocida toxin (PMT) residing on a bacteriophage. PMT is responsible for the twisted snouts observed in pigs infected with the bacteria. This toxin activates Rho GTPases, which bind and hydrolyze GTP, and are important in actin stress fiber formation
    • Formation of stress fibers may aid in the endocytosis of P. multocida
    • The host cell cycle is also modulated by the toxin, which can act as an intracellularmitogen
  • Pasteurella needs iron to grow.
    • P. multocida has developed mechanisms acquire iron from hemoglobin, ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin.[5][6]

Types

There are several forms of the infection:

Other locations are possible, such as septic arthritis, meningitis and acute endocarditis, but are very rare.

Causes

  • Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with Pasteurella spp.
  • Pasteurella is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria.
  • Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic.
  • Most Pasteurella species are catalase- and oxidase-positive.
  • P. multocida is the most frequent causative agent in human.
  • Pasteurella cells occur in many cats mouths, a large percentage of dogs mouths, and frequently in rabbits. This is in perfectly normal and otherwise healthy animals.
    • Cats oral cavity colonization of P. multocida is between 70%–90%
    • Dogs oral cavity colonization of P. multocida is between 50%–60%
  • Several reports describe human infections by Pasteurella spp. that were acquired after close contact with pets, including sharing a bed, being licked by, kissing the pets, animal scratches or bites.
  • Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection.
  • Pasteurella can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the animals oropharyngeal secretions through licking or sniffing.[6][7][8][9]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made with isolation of Pasteurella multocida in a normally sterile site (blood, pus or CSF).

Treatment

As the infection is usually transmitted into humans through animal bites, antibiotics usually treat the infection, but medical attention should be sought if the wound is severely swelling. Pasteurellosis is usually treated with high-dose penicillin if severe. Either tetracycline or chloramphenicol provides an alternative in beta-lactam intolerant patients. However, it is most important to treat the wound.

See also

References

  1. Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9. [http://www.horizonpress.com/past.
  2. Hunt Gerardo, S.; Citron, D. M.; Claros, M. C.; Fernandez, H. T.; Goldstein, E. J. C. (2001). "Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. septica Differentiation by PCR Fingerprinting and -Glucosidase Activity". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (7): 2558–2564. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.7.2558-2564.2001. ISSN 0095-1137. PMID 11427568.
  3. Angen Ø, Mutters R, Caugant DA, Olsen JE, Bisgaard M; Mutters; Caugant; Olsen; Bisgaard (1999). "Taxonomic relationships of the [Pasteurella] haemolytica complex as evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridizations and 16S rRNA sequencing with proposal of Mannheimia haemolytica gen. nov., comb. nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp. nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp. nov. and Mannheimia varigena sp. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (Pt 1): 67–86. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-1-67. PMID 10028248.
  4. Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella. Accessed on February 9, 2016
  5. Wilkie IW, Harper M, Boyce JD, Adler B (2012). "Pasteurella multocida: diseases and pathogenesis". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 361: 1–22. doi:10.1007/82_2012_216. PMID 22643916.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016
  7. Chomel BB, Sun B (2011). "Zoonoses in the bedroom". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (2): 167–72. doi:10.3201/eid1702.101070. PMC 3298380. PMID 21291584.
  8. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases common to Man and Animals. PAHO (2001). http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19187&Itemid= Accessed on February 10, 2016
  9. Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J; et al. (2004). "Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review". J Infect Chemother. 10 (4): 250–2. doi:10.1007/s10156-004-0331-5. PMID 15365869.

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