Kaposi's sarcoma overview: Difference between revisions
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==Screening== | ==Screening== | ||
According to the the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF), there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for Kaposi's sarcoma.<ref name="US"> Recommendations. U.S. Preventive Service (2015) http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=kaposi+sarcoma Accessed on January, 20 2015</ref> | |||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 20:20, 21 January 2016
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Kaposi's sarcoma Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Kaposi's sarcoma overview On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kaposi's sarcoma overview |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma overview |
Overview
Historical Perspective
Kaposi's sarcoma was first described by Dr. Moritz Kaposi, a Hungarian dermatologist at the University of Vienna, in the year 1872.[1][2][3]
Classification
Kaposi's sarcoma may be classified according to the clinical setting into five subtypess: classic Kaposi's sarcoma, African cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma, African lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma, immunosuppression-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.[2]
Pathophysiology
Kaposi's sarcoma arises from endothelial cells, which are epithelial cells that normally lines the luminal surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.[4][5][2] Kaposi's sarcoma is mainly caused by an infection with Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), which is also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV). The main gene involved in the pathogensis of Kaposi's sarcoma is ORF73 gene, which encodes the viral latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1).[6] Kaposi's sarcoma is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). On gross pathology, reddish, violaceous, or bluish-black macules and patches are characteristic findings of Kaposi's sarcoma. On microscopic histopathological analysis the presence of spindle cells with minimal nuclear atypia are characteristic findings of Kaposi's sarcoma.[7][8][9][3]
Causes
Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by an infection with HHV-8.[4][5][2]
Differentiating Kaposi's sarcoma from other Diseases
Kaposi's sarcoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause similar cutaneous, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal involvement, such as bacillary angiomatosis, AIDS-related lymphoma, and seborrheic keratosis.[3][10][5]
Epidemiology and Demographics
The epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma varies depending on its type. Before AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma was relatively rare. In the early epidemic of AIDS, the incidence of HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma significantly increased;[11] however, antiretroviral therapy led to a decrease in the incidence of HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma.[12][13] While endemic African Kaposi sarcoma is more common in African Bantu,[14] classic Kaposi sarcoma is more prevalent in Middle Eastern countries particularly among males and individuals from Jewish descent.[14][15] The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma is markedly increased in renal transplant patients ranging from 0.5% to 5.3%.[16] Transplant-related Kaposi sarcoma occurs more commonly in individuals who have Jewish, Arabic, Mediterranean, African, or Caribbean ethnicity.[16] In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma is 8.1 per 100,000 in 2011.[17]
Risk Factors
The most potent risk factor in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma is an immune deficiency state. Other risk factors include multiple sexual partners, homosexual males, and medical procedures such as blood transfusions and organ transplantation.[18][2]
Screening
According to the the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF), there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for Kaposi's sarcoma.[19]
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Staging
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Chest X-Ray
CT Scan
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
References
- ↑ Kaposi, M (1872). "Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut". Arch. Dermatol. Syph. 4: 265–273.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Kaposi's sarcoma. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma Accessed on January, 17 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kaposi's Sarcoma. Radiopaedia (2015) http://radiopaedia.org/articles/kaposi-sarcoma Accessed on January, 19 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ruocco E, Ruocco V, Tornesello ML, Gambardella A, Wolf R, Buonaguro FM (2013). "Kaposi's sarcoma: etiology and pathogenesis, inducing factors, causal associations, and treatments: facts and controversies". Clin Dermatol. 31 (4): 413–22. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.008. PMID 23806158.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kaposi's Sarcoma. PathologyOutlines (2015) http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/skintumornonmelanocytickaposisarcoma.html Accessed on January, 19 2015
- ↑ Toth Z, Brulois K, Jung JU (2013). "The chromatin landscape of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus". Viruses. 5 (5): 1346–73. doi:10.3390/v5051346. PMC 3712311. PMID 23698402.
- ↑ Rossetto CC, Pari GS (2014). "PAN's Labyrinth: Molecular biology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) PAN RNA, a multifunctional long noncoding RNA". Viruses. 6 (11): 4212–26. doi:10.3390/v6114212. PMC 4246217. PMID 25375885.
- ↑ Cancian L, Hansen A, Boshoff C (2013). "Cellular origin of Kaposi's sarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-induced cell reprogramming". Trends Cell Biol. 23 (9): 421–32. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.001. PMID 23685018.
- ↑ Zattra E Coati I, Alaibac M, Piaserico S (2014). "Kaposi's sarcoma and other rare skin cancers in organ transplant patients". G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 149 (4): 395–400. PMID 25068226.
- ↑ Libre Pathology. Kaposi's sarcoma (2015) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Kaposi_sarcoma_low_intermed_mag.jpg Accessed on January, 19 2016
- ↑ What are the key statistics about Kaposi sarcoma? Cancer.org
- ↑ Portsmouth S, Stebbing J, Gill J, Mandalia S, Bower M, Nelson M; et al. (2003). "A comparison of regimens based on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors in preventing Kaposi's sarcoma". AIDS. 17 (11): F17–22. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000076309.76477.f1. PMID 12853764.
- ↑ Grabar S, Abraham B, Mahamat A, Del Giudice P, Rosenthal E, Costagliola D (2006). "Differential impact of combination antiretroviral therapy in preventing Kaposi's sarcoma with and without visceral involvement". J Clin Oncol. 24 (21): 3408–14. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4072. PMID 16849755.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wahman A, Melnick SL, Rhame FS, Potter JD (1991). "The epidemiology of classic, African, and immunosuppressed Kaposi's sarcoma". Epidemiol Rev. 13: 178–99. PMID 1765111.
- ↑ Franceschi S, Geddes M (1995). "Epidemiology of classic Kaposi's sarcoma, with special reference to mediterranean population". Tumori. 81 (5): 308–14. PMID 8804445.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Campistol JM, Schena FP (2007). "Kaposi's sarcoma in renal transplant recipients--the impact of proliferation signal inhibitors". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 22 Suppl 1: i17–22. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm089. PMID 17456614.
- ↑ Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
- ↑ Sarcoma- Kaposi Guide. Cancer.Net (2015) http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/sarcoma-kaposi/risk-factors-and-prevention Accessed on January, 20 2015
- ↑ Recommendations. U.S. Preventive Service (2015) http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=kaposi+sarcoma Accessed on January, 20 2015
