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<br />
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{Columns-list|3|
*[[dimethyl hydrazine|1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine]]
*[[1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane]]
*[[Abdominal distension]]
*[[Accelerated hypertension]]
*[[Acetonitrile]]
*[[Achalasia]]
*[[Acromegaly]]
*[[Acrylonitrile]]
*[[Actinomyces]]
*[[Aortic Dissection|Acute Aortic Dissection]]
*[[Acute Coronary Syndrome]]
*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
*[[Acute spinal cord injury]]
*[[Adenosine]]
*[[Affective disorders]] (e.g., [[depression]])
*[[Air embolism]]
*[[Alveolar hydatid disease]]
*[[Amonafide]]
*[[Amphetamine]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Ankylostomiasis]]
*[[Anthracosis]]
*[[Anxiety|Anxiety disorders]]
*[[Aortic Aneurysm]]
*[[Aortic coarctation]]
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Aortic Stenosis]]
*[[Arryhthmias]]
*[[arsenic|Arsenic dioxide]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*[[Arsenicals]]
*[[Asbestosis]]
*[[Asthma]]
*[[Atheroma]]
*[[Atopy]]
*[[Atrial flutter]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Barotrauma]]
*[[Barret’s esophagus]]
*[[Bechterew's Disease]]
*Bergman syndrome
*Bernheim syndrome
*[[Bland-White-Garland Syndrome]]
*[[Blood transfusion |Blood transfusion complication]]
*[[Bone tumor]]
*[[Bornholm disease]]
*[[Bronchial carcinoma]]
*[[Bronchiectasis]]
*[[Bronchitis]]
*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
*[[Bronchogenic cyst]]
*[[Carbon monoxide]]
*[[Carcinoma]]
*[[Carcinomatous]]
*[[Cardiac syndrome X]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
*[[Chagas disease]]
*[[Chest cartilage disorder]]
*[[Chondritis]]
*Chest wall injuries
*[[Chest wall pain syndrome]]
*[[Chinese restaurant syndrome]]
*[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Cholelithiasis]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] ([[COPD]])
*[[Chronic Stable Angina]]
*[[Cough|Chronic cough]]
*[[Cidofovir]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*Collagen vascular disease with pleuritis
*[[Conn's Syndrome]]
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
*[[Cor pulmonale]]
*[[Coronary artery dissection]]
*[[Coronary Heart Disease]]
*[[Costochondritis]]
*[[Tendinitis|Costocondrial tendinitis]]
*[[Tendinitis|Costosternal tendinitis]]
*[[Cryptococcosis]]
*[[Cytosine arabinoside syndrome]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Da costa's syndrome]]
*[[Decompression sickness]]
*[[Degenerative changes of cervical spine]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Dressler's syndrome | Dressler's syndrome (postpericardiotomy)]]
*[[Migraine medical therapy|Drugs to treat migraine headache]]
*[[Duodenitis]]
*[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]
*[[Empyema]]
*[[Esophageal cyst]]
*[[Esophageal rupture]]
*[[Esophageal spasm]]
*[[Esophagitis]]
*[[Fabricated or induced illness]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Factitious disorders]] (e.g. [[Münchausen syndrome]])
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Familial mediterranean fever]]
*[[Fibrocystic disease]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Fractured rib]]
*[[Functional disorders]]
*[[Gallbladder disease]]
*[[Gas]]
*[[Gastritis]]
*[[Gastroesophageal reflux]] ([[GERD]])
*[[Gemeprost]]
*[[Glatiramer acetate]]
*[[Glycogenosis]]
*[[Goodpasture's syndrome]]
*[[Gynecomastia]]
*[[Heart attack]]
*[[Syphilitic aortitis|Heller-Dohle disease]]
*[[Hemothorax]]
*[[Hepatitis]]
*[[Herpes zoster]]
*[[Hiatus Hernia]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[HIV|HIV infection]]
*[[Munchausen syndrome|Hospital addiction syndrome]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hyperventilation]]
*[[Hyperventilation syndrome]]
*[[Hypochondria]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Idarubicin hydrochloride]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Impacted stone]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Irritable bowel disease]]
*[[Intercostal muscle spasm]]
*[[Intercostal neuralgia]]
*[[Interferon gamma]]
*[[Interstitial fibrosis]]
*[[Interstitial lung disease]]
*[[Iodixanol]]
*[[Isolated coronary artery anomalies]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Ivacaftor]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Langerhans' cell histiocytosis]]
*[[Laryngotracheitis]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
*[[Legionnaires' disease]]
*[[Liver abscess]]
*[[Liver cancer]]
*[[Lung Abscess]]
*[[Lung Cancer]]
*[[Lymphangiomyomatosis]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Mallory-Weiss Syndrome]]
*[[Mastalgia]]
*[[Mediastinal tumor]]
*[[Mediastinitis]]
*[[Mesothelioma]]
*[[Mesothelioma]]
*[[Metastatic tumor]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mondor's disease]]
*[[Musculoskeletal pain ]]
*[[Muscle strain or spasm]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumonia]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myofascial pain syndrome|Myofascial pain]]
*[[Myostitis]]
*[[Naratriptan]]
*[[Nabilone]]
*[[Neoplasm]]
*[[Neuritis]]
*[[Neurofibroma]]
*[[non ST elevation MI]]
*[[nutcracker's esophagus|Nutcracker's esophagus]]
*[[Nylidrin]]
*[[Oprelvekin]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Panic attack]]
*[[Pectus excavatum]]
*[[Peptic ulcer disease]]
*[[Perforated ulcer]]
*[[Pericardial effusion]]
*[[tamponade|Pericardial tamponade]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Periostitis]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pleural Effusion]]
*[[Pleural empyema]]
*[[Pleural fibroma]]
*[[Pleurisy]]
*[[Pleuritis]]
*[[Pleurodynia]]
*[[Plummer-Vinson Syndrome]]
*[[Pneumoconiosis]]
*[[Pneumomediastinum]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumoperitoneum]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Porfimer]]
*[[Pott's Disease]]
*[[Precordial catch syndrome]]
*[[Pregnancy ]]
*[[Prinzmetal angina]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse|Prolapsed mitral cusp]]
*[[Psychiatric]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[Pulmonary infarction]]
*[[Syphilis|Quaternary syphilis]]
*[[Radiculitis]]
*[[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
*[[Regadenoson]]
*[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
*[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
*[[Pain|Rib pain]]
*[[Rizatriptan]]
*[[Rumination disorder]]
*[[SAPHO syndrome]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Exertion|Severe exertion]]
*[[Shingles]]
*[[bursitis|Shoulder bursitis]]
*[[tendinitis|Shoulder tendinitis]]
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Silicosis]]
*[[SLE]]
*[[Tietze's Syndrome|Slipping rib syndrome]]
*[[tumor|Soft tissue sarcoma or tumor]]
*[[Somatization disorder]]
*[[Somatoform disorder]]s
*[[Splenomegaly|Splenic enlargement]]
*[[Degenerative disc disease|Spinal arthritis]]
*[[Spinal cord compression ]]
*[[Spinal disease]]
*[[Spondylosis|Spinal spondylosis]]
*[[Spinal cord tumor|Spinal tumor]]
*[[Splenic infarction]]
*[[Ruptured spleen|Spleen rupture]]
*[[ST elevation MI]]
*[[Stable angina]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Arthritis|Sternoclavicular arthritis]]
*[[Strain (injury)|Strain of pectoralis muscle]]
*[[Stress cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Subdiaphragmatic abscess]]
*[[Subphrenic abscess]]
*[[Sumatriptan]]
*[[Tabes dorsalis]]
*[[Tachyarrhythmias]]
*[[Takotsubos cardiomyopathy]]
*[[pneumothorax|Tension pneumothorax]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thelarche]]
*[[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome]]
*[[Thought disorder]]s (e.g., [[Delusion|fixed delusions]])
*[[Thymoma]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Tietze's syndrome]]
*[[Tracheitis]]
*[[Tracheoesophageal abscess]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trichinella spiralis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tumor]]
*[[unstable angina]]
*[[Variant angina ]]
*[[Varicella-zoster virus]]
*[[back pain|Vertebrogenic thoracic pain]]
*[[Wegner's Granulomatosis]]
*[[Whipple's Disease]]
*[[Xiphodynia]]
*[[Zolmitriptan]]
}}
==Causes==
===Diastolic Heart Murmurs===


{{Nuha}}
*[[Aortic insufficiency]]
*[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage]] with [[left-to-right shunt]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atrial septal defect|Atrial septal defect (ASD)]] with [[left-to-right shunt]]
*[[Austin Flint murmur]]
*[[Bronchial artery|Bronchial collateral circulation]]
*[[Carey-Coombs murmur]]
*[[Venous hum|Cervical venous hum]]
*[[Coarctation of the aorta]]
*[[Arteriovenous fistula|Coronary or pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
*[[Hepatic venous hum]]
*[[Mammary souffle]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Patent Ductus Arteriosus| Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)]]
*[[Pericarditis|Pericardial knock]]
*[[Pulmonary artery stenosis]]
*[[Pulmonic regurgitation|Pulmonary insufficiency]]
*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]


==chilblain‐like lesions==
===Systolic Heart Murmurs===
the lesion was red–purple papules on the dorsal aspect of the fingers on both hands and diffused erythema in the subungual area of thumb.<ref name="pmid32302422">{{cite journal| author=Alramthan A, Aldaraji W| title=Two cases of COVID-19 presenting with a clinical picture resembling chilblains: first report from the Middle East. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=32302422 | doi=10.1111/ced.14243 | pmc=7264553 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32302422  }} </ref>


===historical respective===
*[[Aortic sclerosis]]
*in Qater,two cases of COVID‐19 presenting with cutaneous lesions, specifically, chilblain‐like lesions.
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*Hunt and Koziatek reported a case of COVID‐19 presenting with fever and morbilliform rash as the primary presenting symptoms.<ref name="HuntKoziatek2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hunt|first1=Madison|last2=Koziatek|first2=Christian|title=A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting Symptom|journal=Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine|volume=4|issue=2|year=2020|issn=2474252X|doi=10.5811/cpcem.2020.3.47349}}</ref>
*[[Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
*[[Venous hum|Cervical venous hum]]
*[[Coarctation of the aorta]]
*[[Arteriovenous fistula|Coronary or pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Hepatic venous hum]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Innocent murmur]]
*[[Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
*[[Mammary souffle]]
*[[Mitral insufficiency]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Papillary muscle dysfunction]]
*[[Patent ductus arteriosus|Patent ductus arteriosus PDA)]]
*[[Pericardial friction rub]]s
*[[Pulmonary artery stenosis|Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis]]
*[[Artificial heart valve|Prosthetic valve]]
*[[Pulmonary artery stenosis]]
*[[Pulmonic stenosis|Pulmonic outflow obstruction]]
*[[Still's murmur]]
*[[Tricuspid insufficiency]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]


*while Joob and Wiwanitkit reported a case of COVID‐19 presenting initially with a petechial skin rash in Thailand.<ref name="pmid32213305">{{cite journal| author=Joob B, Wiwanitkit V| title=COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2020 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= e177 | pmid=32213305 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.036 | pmc=7156802 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32213305  }} </ref>
===Continuous Murmurs===


===pathophysiology===
*[[Aortic coarctation]]
*Degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells and formation of hyaline thrombi in small vessels were observed in lung and other organs.<ref name="pmid32172546">{{cite journal| author=Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, Ping YF, Liu HW, Yu SC | display-authors=etal| title=[A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimal invasive autopsies]. | journal=Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi | year= 2020 | volume= 49 | issue= 5 | pages= 411-417 | pmid=32172546 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32172546  }} </ref>
*[[Aortic insufficiency]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Coronary artery fistula]]
*[[Mammary souffle]]
*[[Pneumomediastinum|Mediastinal air dissection]]
*[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
*[[Pericardial friction rub]]
*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]]
*[[Sinus of Valsalva|Ruptured sinus of Valsalva]]
*[[Venous hum]]


 
<br />
==Acute acro-ischemia in the child==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
*the presentations of acro-ischemia  including finger/toe cyanosis, skin bulla and dry gangrene.<ref name="pmid32447934">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y, Cao W, Xiao M, Li YJ, Yang Y, Zhao J | display-authors=etal| title=[Clinical and coagulation characteristics in 7 patients with critical COVID-2019 pneumonia and acro-ischemia]. | journal=Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi | year= 2020 | volume= 41 | issue= 4 | pages= 302-307 | pmid=32447934 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32447934 }} </ref>
! style="width: 300px;background:#4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| SYSTOLIC MURMUR}}!! style="width: 300px;background:#4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|  DIASTOLIC MURMUR}}!! style="width: 300px;background:#4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Continuous Murmur}}
|-
*Mazzotta and Troccoli reported a few dozen cases, initially presenting with red–purple papules on the feet and hands, which either evolved into haemorrhagic bullae or developed a blackish crust.<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.26326/2281-9649.30.2.2102">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.26326/2281-9649.30.2.2102 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
|❑ '''[[Mitral regurgitation resident survival guide#Treatment of Acute Mitral Regurgitation|Acute Mitral Regurgitation]]''' <br> ❑ '''[[Mitral regurgitation resident survival guide#Treatment of chronic Mitral Regurgitation|chronic Mitral Regurgitation]]'''<br> ❑ '''[[Aortic stenosis resident survival guide#Treatment|Aortic stenosis]]'''<br> ❑ '''[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resident survival guide#Treatment|HOCM]]'''<br>
 
|❑ '''[[Aortic regurgitation resident survival guide#Treatment|Aortic regurgitation]]'''<br> ❑ '''[[Mitral stenosis resident survival guide#Treatment|Mitral stenosis]]'''<br>
===pathophysiology===
|❑ '''[[PDA#treatment ]]''' <br>
they could be the expression of secondary  microthrombosis  due  to  endothelial  damage and vascular disorders.<ref name="pmid32447934">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y, Cao W, Xiao M, Li YJ, Yang Y, Zhao J | display-authors=etal| title=[Clinical and coagulation characteristics in 7 patients with critical COVID-2019 pneumonia and acro-ischemia]. | journal=Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi | year= 2020 | volume= 41 | issue= 4 | pages= 302-307 | pmid=32447934 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32447934  }} </ref>  
|}
===lab results===
*D-dimer, fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) were significantly elevated in most patients.
*Prothrombin time was prolonged in 4 patients. D-dimer and FDP levels progressively elevated consistent with COVID-2019 exacerbation.
*Four patients were diagnosed with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) .
*Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was administrated in 6 patients, which reduced D-dimer and FDP rather than improved clinical symptoms.<ref name="pmid32447934">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y, Cao W, Xiao M, Li YJ, Yang Y, Zhao J | display-authors=etal| title=[Clinical and coagulation characteristics in 7 patients with critical COVID-2019 pneumonia and acro-ischemia]. | journal=Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi | year= 2020 | volume= 41 | issue= 4 | pages= 302-307 | pmid=32447934 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32447934  }} </ref>
 
 
==erythematous rash==
==widespread urticaria==
==chicken‐pox like vesicles==

Latest revision as of 23:24, 15 January 2021


Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

Causes

Diastolic Heart Murmurs

Systolic Heart Murmurs

Continuous Murmurs


SYSTOLIC MURMUR DIASTOLIC MURMUR Continuous Murmur
❑ Acute Mitral Regurgitation
❑ chronic Mitral Regurgitation
❑ Aortic stenosis
❑ HOCM
 ❑ Aortic regurgitation
❑ Mitral stenosis
 ❑ PDA#treatment
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