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{{Loefflers syndrome }}
{{Loefflers syndrome }}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Loeffler syndrome may be caused by ''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]], [[Ascaris lumbricoides|Ascaris lumbricoides,]] [[Large roundworm of pigs|Ascaris suum]],'' ''[[Necator americanus]]'', ''[[Strongyloides stercoralis]].''
==Causes==
==Causes==
* Drugs like [[sulfonamide]] antibiotic or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ([[NSAID]])
===Life-threatening Causes===
* Infection with a fungus such as [[Aspergillus fumigatus]] or [[Pneumocystis jirovecii]]
*There are no life-threatening causes of Loeffler syndrome.
* Parasites, including the roundworms [[Ascariasis lumbricoides]], [[Necator americanus]], or [[Ancylostoma duodenale]] ([[hookworms]])
*It is a self-limiting condition which generally resolves by itself in 3-4 weeks.
*Nevertheless, there are rare life-threatening conditions related to the helminths responsible for Loeffler syndrome, although Loeffler syndrome itself has never killed a patient.
 
===Common Causes===
Common causes of Loffler syndrome may include:<ref name="pmid5667987"> (1968) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5667987 Löffler's syndrome.] ''Br Med J'' 3 (5618):569-70. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/5667987 5667987]</ref>
** ''[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]'',<ref name="pmid13480465">Caulet T (1957) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13480465 [Loffler syndrome and pulmonary eosinophilia].] ''Gaz Med Fr'' 64 (20):1737-8 passim. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/13480465 13480465]</ref><ref name="pmid5667987"> (1968) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5667987 Löffler's syndrome.] ''Br Med J'' 3 (5618):569-70. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/5667987 5667987]</ref><ref name="pmid20934531">Dold C, Holland CV (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20934531 Ascaris and ascariasis.] ''Microbes Infect'' 13 (7):632-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.012 DOI:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.012] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/20934531 20934531]</ref>
 
** ''[[Large roundworm of pigs|Ascaris suum]]'',<ref name="pmid27709064">Gipson K, Avery R, Shah H, Pepiak D, Bégué RE, Malone J et al. (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27709064 Löffler syndrome on a Louisiana pig farm.] ''Respir Med Case Rep'' 19 ():128-131. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2016.09.003 DOI:10.1016/j.rmcr.2016.09.003] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/27709064 27709064]</ref>
 
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of [disease name] include:
*''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]'',<ref name="pmid627275">Hoagland KE, Schad GA (1978) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=627275 Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale: life history parameters and epidemiological implications of two sympatric hookworms of humans.] ''Exp Parasitol'' 44 (1):36-49. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/627275 627275]</ref><ref name="pmid15603764">Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15603764 Human hookworm infection in the 21st century.] ''Adv Parasitol'' 58 ():197-288. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1 DOI:10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15603764 15603764]</ref>
* ''[[Necator americanus]]'',<ref name="pmid627275">Hoagland KE, Schad GA (1978) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=627275 Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale: life history parameters and epidemiological implications of two sympatric hookworms of humans.] ''Exp Parasitol'' 44 (1):36-49. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/627275 627275]</ref><ref name="pmid15603764">Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15603764 Human hookworm infection in the 21st century.] ''Adv Parasitol'' 58 ():197-288. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1 DOI:10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15603764 15603764]</ref>
* ''[[Strongyloides stercoralis]].''<ref name="pmid30274449">Page W, Judd JA, Bradbury RS (2018) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30274449 The Unique Life Cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis and Implications for Public Health Action.] ''Trop Med Infect Dis'' 3 (2):. [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3020053 DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed3020053] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/30274449 30274449]</ref><ref name="pmid27181117">Nutman TB (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27181117 Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species.] ''Parasitology'' 144 (3):263-273. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016000834 DOI:10.1017/S0031182016000834] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/27181117 27181117]</ref>
==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Latest revision as of 20:59, 17 May 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

Loeffler syndrome may be caused by Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • There are no life-threatening causes of Loeffler syndrome.
  • It is a self-limiting condition which generally resolves by itself in 3-4 weeks.
  • Nevertheless, there are rare life-threatening conditions related to the helminths responsible for Loeffler syndrome, although Loeffler syndrome itself has never killed a patient.

Common Causes

Common causes of Loffler syndrome may include:[1]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 (1968) Löffler's syndrome. Br Med J 3 (5618):569-70. PMID: 5667987
  2. ↑ Caulet T (1957) [Loffler syndrome and pulmonary eosinophilia.] Gaz Med Fr 64 (20):1737-8 passim. PMID: 13480465
  3. ↑ Dold C, Holland CV (2011) Ascaris and ascariasis. Microbes Infect 13 (7):632-7. DOI:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.012 PMID: 20934531
  4. ↑ Gipson K, Avery R, Shah H, Pepiak D, Bégué RE, Malone J et al. (2016) Löffler syndrome on a Louisiana pig farm. Respir Med Case Rep 19 ():128-131. DOI:10.1016/j.rmcr.2016.09.003 PMID: 27709064
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hoagland KE, Schad GA (1978) Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale: life history parameters and epidemiological implications of two sympatric hookworms of humans. Exp Parasitol 44 (1):36-49. PMID: 627275
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004) Human hookworm infection in the 21st century. Adv Parasitol 58 ():197-288. DOI:10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1 PMID: 15603764
  7. ↑ Page W, Judd JA, Bradbury RS (2018) The Unique Life Cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis and Implications for Public Health Action. Trop Med Infect Dis 3 (2):. DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed3020053 PMID: 30274449
  8. ↑ Nutman TB (2017) Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species. Parasitology 144 (3):263-273. DOI:10.1017/S0031182016000834 PMID: 27181117

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