Sandbox-ID-Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular

Endocarditis, prophylaxis Return to Top

1. Dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue, manipulation of the periapical region of teeth, or perforation of the oral mucosa (including scaling and root canal procedures)

1.1 Indications

Patients with a prosthetic valve or a prosthetic material used for cardiac valve repair
Patients with previous IE
Cardiac transplant recipients with valve regurgitation due to a structurally abnormal valve
Patients with congenital heart disease:

Unrepaired cyanotic CHD with palliative shunts, conduits, or other prostheses
Completely repaired CHD repaired with prosthetic material or device, whether placed by surgery or catheter intervention, during the first 6 months after the procedure
Repaired CHD with residual defects at the site or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device

1.2 Prophylactic regimens (single dose 30–60 minutes before procedure)

1.2.1 Adults

Antibiotic Prophylactic Regimens for Dental Procedures^[1]^[2]^[3]

Oral regimen

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 2 g single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure.

Pediatric dose: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure.

Unable to take oral medication

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin 2 g IM or IV single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Cefazolin 1 g IM or IV single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure.

Pediatric dose: Ampicillin 50 mg/kg; Cefazolin 50 mg/kg; Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg

Allergic to penicillins or ampicillin— Oral regimen

Preferred regimen: Cephalexin 2 g single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Clindamycin 600 mg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Azithromycin 500 mg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Clarithromycin 500 mg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure.

Pediatric dose: Cephalexin 50 mg/kg single; Clindamycin 20 mg/kg; Azithromycin 15 mg/kg OR Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg.

Allergic to penicillins or ampicillin and unable to take oral medication

Preferred regimen: Cefazolin 1 g IM or IV single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Clindamycin 600 mg IM or IV.

Pediatric dose: Cefazolin 50 mg/kg IM or IV OR Ceftriaxone 20 mg/kg IM or IV.

Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary Procedures

Antibiotic prophylaxis solely to prevent IE is no longer recommended for patients who undergo a GI or GU tract procedure.

Note: Routine administration of prophylactic antibiotics prior to GI and GU procedures including diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy is not recommended. However, for the high risk patients who already have an established GI or GU tract infection, it is reasonable to administer antibiotics against enterococci which includes the following: Ampicillin 2 g IM or IV single dose, piperacillin, or vancomycin.

Regimens for Respiratory Tract Procedures

Oral regimen

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 2 g single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure.

Pediatric dose: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure.

Unable to take oral medication

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin 2 g IM or IV OR Cefazolin 1 g IM or IV OR Ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV.

Pediatric dose: Ampicillin 50 mg/kg; Cefazolin 50 mg/kg; Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg.

Allergic to penicillins or ampicillin— Oral regimen

Preferred regimen: Cephalexin 2 g single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Clindamycin 600 mg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Azithromycin 500 mg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Clarithromycin 500 mg single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure.
Pediatric dose: Cephalexin 50 mg/kg single; Clindamycin 20 mg/kg; Azithromycin or Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg.

Allergic to penicillins or ampicillin and unable to take oral medication

Preferred regimen: Cefazolin 1 g OR ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV single dose 30-60 minutes before procedure OR Clindamycin 600 mg IM or IV.
Pediatric dose: Cefazolin 50 mg/kg IM or IV OR Ceftriaxone 20 mg/kg IM or IV.

Regimens for Procedures on Infected Skin, Skin Structure, or Musculoskeletal Tissue

Patients who undergo a surgical procedure that involves infected skin, skin structure, or musculoskeletal tissue, it may be reasonable that the therapeutic regimen administered for treatment of the infection contain an agent active against staphylococci and -hemolytic streptococci, such as an antistaphylococcal penicillin or a cephalosporin.

Aortitis, infectious Return to Top

Infectious aortitis^[4]

1. Causative pathogens

Salmonella
Staphylococcus aureus
Group A Streptococcus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Escherichia coli or other Gram-negative bacilli
Fungi

2. Empiric antimicrobial therapy

Preferred regimen: (Cefotaxime 1–2 g IV q6–8h for 6–12 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 1–2 g IV q24h for 6–12 weeks OR Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 6–12 weeks OR Ciprofloxacin 500–750 mg PO bid for 6–12 weeks OR Levofloxacin 250–750 mg IV/PO q24h for 6–12 weeks) AND (Oxacillin 1–2 g IV/IM q4–6h for 6–12 weeks OR Nafcillin 1–2 g IV/IM q4–6h for 6–12 weeks OR Dicloxacillin 0.5–1.0 g IV q4–6h for 6–12 weeks OR Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h for 6–12 weeks)
Note: Antimicrobial treatment with bactericidal, broad-spectrum agents should be administered after obtaining blood cultures and prior to surgery as soon as the diagnosis is suspected and adjusted as needed based on culture results.

Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections Return to Top

Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections

1. Definitions^[5]

1.1 Early post-implantation inflammation

Erythema affecting the box implantation incision site, without purulent exudate, dehiscence, fluctuance or systemic signs of infection and occurring within 30 days of implantation

1.2 Uncomplicated generator pocket infection

(a) Spreading cellulitis affecting the generator site; OR (b) incision site purulent exudate (excluding simple stitch abscess); OR (c) wound dehiscence; OR (d) erosion through skin with exposure of the generator or leads; OR (e) fluctuance (abscess) or fistula formation; AND no systemic symptoms or signs of infection AND negative blood cultures

1.3 Complicated generator pocket infection

As for uncomplicated generator pocket infection but WITH evidence of lead or endocardial involvement, systemic signs or symptoms of infection or positive blood cultures.

1.4 CIED lead infection (CIED-LI)

1.4.1 Definite CIED-LI

(a) Symptoms/signs of systemic infection, NO signs of generator pocket infection AND echocardiography consistent with vegetation(s) attached to lead(s) AND presence of major Duke microbiological criteria; OR (b) Symptoms/signs of systemic infection, NO signs of generator pocket infection AND culture, histology or molecular evidence of infection on explanted lead

1.4.2 Possible CIED-LI

(a) Symptoms/signs of systemic infection AND echocardiography consistent with vegetation(s) attached to lead(s) BUT no major Duke microbiological criteria present; OR (b) Symptoms/signs of systemic infection AND major Duke microbiological criteria present BUT no echocardiographic evidence of lead vegetations

1.5 CIED-associated native or prosthetic valve endocarditis (CIED-IE)

Duke criteria for definite endocarditis satisfied, with echocardiographic evidence of valve involvement, in a patient with an CIED in situ

2. Duration of antimicrobial therapy^[6]

2.1 Early post-implantation inflammation

Consider observation or PO therapy 7–10 days

2.2 Uncomplicated generator pocket infection AND no absolute requirement for CIED AND device removable

10–14 days IV/PO therapy

2.3 Uncomplicated generator pocket infection AND absolute requirement for CIED AND device removable

10–14 days IV therapy

2.4 Generator pocket infection when attempted lead extraction considered too risky or declined by patient AND no absolute requirement for CIED

6 weeks IV therapy

2.5 Generator pocket infection when attempted extraction considered too risky or declined by patient AND absolute requirement for CIED

6 weeks IV therapy

2.6 CIED-IE (with or without clinical evidence of generator pocket infection) AND no absolute requirement for CIED AND device removable

2.6.1 Native valves affected

4 weeks IV therapy

2.6.2 Prosthetic valves affected, secondary brain abscess or spinal infection

6 weeks IV therapy

2.7 CIED-LI (with or without clinical evidence of generator pocket infection or IE) AND no absolute requirement for CIED AND device removable

Prolonged therapy post removal is not usually required.

2.8 CIED-IE or CIED-LI (without generator pocket infection) when extraction considered too risky or declined by patient AND absolute requirement for CIED

6 weeks IV therapy

3. Empiric antimicrobial therapy^[7]^[8]

3.1 Early post implantation inflammation

Preferred regimen: Flucloxacillin 0.5–1 g PO qid
Alternative regimen (penicillin allergy or MRSA colonisation): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid OR Linezolid 600 mg PO bid OR Clindamycin 450 mg PO qid

3.2 Uncomplicated generator pocket infection

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h

3.3 CIED-LI or CIED-IE or complicated generator pocket infection pending blood cultures, e.g. in severe sepsis

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Daptomycin 8–10 mg/kg IV q24h) AND Meropenem 1 g IV q8h

3.4 CIED-LI or CIED-IE or generator pocket vancomycin infection with negative blood cultures

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Daptomycin 8–10 mg/kg IV q24h) AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h
Note: Select antimicrobial therapy based on identification and in vitro susceptibility of infecting pathogen.^[9]

4. Culture-directed antimicrobial therapy^[10]

4.1 Uncomplicated generator pocket infections or CIED-LI/generator pocket infections assuming device removal

4.1.1 Staphylococcus aureus

4.1.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Flucloxacillin 2 g PO q6h

4.1.1.2 Methicillin-resistant or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h

4.1.2 Streptococcus

4.1.2.1 Penicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 1.2 g IV q4h

4.1.2.2 Penicillin-resistant strains or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h

4.1.3 Enterococcus

4.1.3.1 Amoxicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 2 g IV q6h

4.1.3.2 Amoxicillin-resistant but vancomycin-susceptible strains, or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h

4.1.3.3 Amoxicillin-resistant, vancomycin-resistant, but daptomycin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h OR Linezolid 600 mg PO bid

4.1.4 Enterobacteriaceae

Case-by-case depending on susceptibility, monotherapy advised

4.2 CIED-IE when system can be removed and no prosthetic valves are involved

4.2.1 Staphylococcus aureus

4.2.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Flucloxacillin 2 g PO q6h

4.2.1.2 Methicillin-resistant, glycopeptide-susceptible strains, or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h) AND (Rifampin 600 mg PO q12h OR Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h)

4.2.1.3 Glycopeptide-resistant strains, or vancomycin-intolerant patients, or where nephrotoxicity is a concern

Preferred regimen: Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h AND (Rifampin 600 mg PO q12h OR Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h)

4.2.2 Streptococcus

4.2.2.1 Penicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 1.2 g IV q4h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.2.2.2 Penicillin-resistant strains or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h) AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.2.3 Enterococcus

4.2.3.1 Penicillin and gentamicin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 2 g IV q4h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.2.3.2 Penicillin-resistant strains or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h) AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.2.3.3 Vancomycin-resistant, daptomycin-susceptible strains or glycopeptide-allergic/intolerant patients

Preferred regimen: Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h AND (Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h OR Amoxicillin 2 g IV q4h OR Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h)

4.2.4 Enterobacteriaceae

Preferred regimen: Meropenem 1 g IV q8h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.3 CIED-IE or CIED-LI or complicated generator pocket infection when entire system CANNOT be removed or prosthetic valves are involved

4.3.1 Staphylococcus aureus

4.3.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Flucloxacillin 2 g PO q6h AND Rifampin 600 mg PO q12h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.3.1.2 Methicillin-resistant, glycopeptide-susceptible strains, or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h) AND (Rifampin 600 mg PO q12h OR Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h)

4.3.1.3 Glycopeptide-resistant strains, vancomycin-intolerant patients, or where nephrotoxicity is a concern

Preferred regimen: Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h AND Rifampin 600 mg PO q12h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.3.2 Streptococcus

4.3.2.1 Penicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 1.2 g IV q4h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.3.2.2 Penicillin-resistant strains or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h) AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.3.3 Enterococcus

4.3.3.1 Penicillin-susceptible strains

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 2 g IV q4h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.3.3.2 Penicillin-resistant or penicillin-allergic patients

Preferred regimen: (Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h OR Teicoplanin 6 mg/kg IV at 0, 12, and 24 h and then q24h) AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

4.3.3.3 Vancomycin-resistant, daptomycin-susceptible strains, or glycopeptide-allergic/intolerant patients

Preferred regimen: Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h AND (Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h OR Amoxicillin 2 g IV q4h OR Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h)

4.3.4 Enterobacteriaceae

Preferred regimen: Meropenem 1 g IV q8h AND Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV q12h

Endocarditis, prophylaxis Return to Top

Endocarditis, treatment Return to Top

Infective endocarditis^[11]

Culture-negative endocarditis

Culture-negative, native valve endocarditis

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin-sulbactam 12 g/24h IV q6h 4–6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 4–6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 4–6 weeks AND Ciprofloxacin 1000 mg/24h PO or 800 mg/24h IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ampicillin-sulbactam 300 mg/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h q8–12h; Ciprofloxacin 20–30 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q12h

Culture-negative, prosthetic valve endocarditis (early, ≤ 1 year)

Preferred regimen : Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 2 weeks AND Cefepime 6 g/24h IV q8h for 6 weeks AND Rifampin 900 mg/24h PO/IV q8h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h; Cefepime 150 mg/kg/24h IV q8h; Rifampin 20 mg/kg/24h PO/IV q8h

Culture-negative, prosthetic valve endocarditis (late, > 1 year)

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin-sulbactam 12 g/24h IV q6h 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 6 weeks
Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 4–6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 6 weeks AND Ciprofloxacin 1000 mg/24h PO or 800 mg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ampicillin-sulbactam 300 mg/kg/24h IV q4h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h q8–12h; Ciprofloxacin 20–30 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q12h

Culture-negative, prosthetic valve endocarditis (early, ≤ 1 year)

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin-sulbactam 12 g/24h IV q6h 4–6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 4–6 weeks AND Rifampin 900 mg/24h PO/IV q8h for 6 weeks
Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 4–6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 4–6 weeks AND Ciprofloxacin 1000 mg/24h PO or 800 mg/24h IV q12h for 4–6 weeks AND Rifampin 900 mg/24h PO/IV q8h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ampicillin-sulbactam 300 mg/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Cefepime 150 mg/kg/24h IV q8h; Rifampin 20 mg/kg/24h PO/IV q8h

Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy

Bartonella

Suspected Bartonella endocarditis

Preferred regimen : Ceftriaxone sodium 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 2 weeks ± Doxycycline 200 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q12h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM once daily; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h; Doxycycline 2–4 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q12h; Rifampin 20 mg/kg/24h PO/IV q12h

Documented Bartonella endocarditis

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 200 mg/24h IV or PO q12h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 2 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM once daily; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h; Doxycycline 2–4 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q12h; Rifampin 20 mg/kg/24h PO/IV q12h

Enterococcus

Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains susceptible to penicillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin

Preferred regimen : Ampicillin 12 g/24h IV q4h for 4–6 weeks OR Penicillin G 18–30 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 4–6weeks
Alternative regimen : Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h

Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains susceptible to penicillin, streptomycin, and vancomycin and resistant to gentamicin

Preferred regimen : Ampicillin 12 g/24h IV q4h for 4–6 weeks OR Penicillin G 24 million U/24h IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks AND Streptomycin 15 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen : Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks AND Streptomycin 15 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q12h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ampicillin 300 mg/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Penicillin 300 000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Streptomycin 20–30 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q12h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Streptomycin 20–30 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q12h

Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains resistant to penicillin and susceptible to aminoglycoside and vancomycin

β-Lactamase–producing strain

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin-sulbactam 12 g/24h IV q6h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 6 weeks
Alternative regimen : Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ampicillin-sulbactam 300 mg/kg/24h IV q6h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h

Intrinsic penicillin resistance

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h

Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains resistant to penicillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin

Enterococcus faecium

Preferred regimen : Linezolid 1200 mg/24h IV/PO q12h for ≥ 8 weeks OR Quinupristin-Dalfopristin 22.5 mg/kg/24h IV q8h for 8 weeks

Enterococcus faecalis

Preferred regimen : Imipenem/cilastatin 2 g/24h IV q6h for ≥ 8 weeks AND Ampicillin 12 g/24h IV q4h for ≥ 8 weeks OR Ceftriaxone sodium 4 g/24h IV/IM q12h for ≥ 8 weeks AND Ampicillin 12 g/24h IV q4h for ≥ 8 weeks
Pediatric dose: Linezolid 30 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q8h; Quinupristin-Dalfopristin 22.5 mg/kg/24h IV q8h; Imipenem/cilastatin 60–100 mg/kg/24h IV q6h; Ampicillin 300 mg/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q12h

HACEK organisms

Endocarditis caused by Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus), Cardiobacterium, Eikenella corrodens, or Kingella

Preferred regimen : Ceftriaxone sodium 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 4 weeks OR Ampicillin 12 g/24h IV q6h for 4 weeks OR Ciprofloxacin 1000 mg/24h PO or 800 mg/24h IV q12h for 4 weeks
Pediatric dose: Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM once daily; Ampicillin-sulbactam 300 mg/kg/24h IV divided into 4 or 6 equally divided doses; Ciprofloxacin 20–30 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q12h

Staphylococcus

Native valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin or Oxacillin 12 g/24h IV q4–6h for 6 weeks ± Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8–12h for 3–5 days
Preferred regimen (2): Cefazolin 6 g/24h IV q8h for 6 weeks ± Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8–12h for 3–5 days
Pediatric dose: Nafcillin or Oxacillin 200 mg/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h; Cefazolin 100 mg/kg/24h IV q8h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h

Native valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant staphylococci

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h

Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci

Preferred regimen: Nafcillin or Oxacillin 12 g/24h IV q4h for ≥ 6 weeks AND Rifampin 900 mg/24h IV/PO q8h for ≥ 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8–12h for 2 weeks
Pediatric dose: Nafcillin or Oxacillin 200 mg/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Rifampin 20 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q8h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h

Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant staphylococci

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg 24 h q12h for ≥ 6 weeks AND Rifampin 900 mg/24h IV/PO q8h for ≥ 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8–12h for 2 weeks
Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Rifampin 20 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q8h (up to adult dose); Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV or IM q8h

Viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis

Native valve endocarditis caused by highly penicillin-susceptible viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC ≤ 0.12 μg/mL)

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 12–18 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 4 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 4 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): (Penicillin G 12–18 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4h for 2 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 4 weeks
Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h

Native valve endocarditis caused by relatively penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC > 0.12 to ≤ 0.5 μg/mL)

Preferred regimen (1): (Penicillin G 24 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 4 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 4 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
Preferred regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 4 weeks
Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h

Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by highly penicillin-susceptible viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC ≤ 0.12 μg/mL)

Preferred regimen (1): (Penicillin G 24 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 6 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 6 weeks) ± Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
Preferred regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h

Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by relatively penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC > 0.12 μg/mL)

Preferred regimen (1): (Penicillin G 24 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 6 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 6 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
Preferred regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 6 weeks
Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h

Intravascular catheter-related infections Return to Top

Mediastinitis, acute Return to Top

Mycotic aneurysm Return to Top

Empiric antimicrobial therapy^[12]

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 2 g/day IV divided q6-12h targeting trough concentration of 15-20 μg/mL for 6 weeks (for critically ill patient, start with a loading dose of 25 mg/kg followed by 15 mg/kg q12h) AND (Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 6 weeks OR Piperacillin-Tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h for 6 weeks OR Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 6 weeks)
Alternative regimen: Consider substituting Daptomycin for Vancomycin. Consider Cefepime, Imipenem-Cilastatin, Meropenem, or Ertapenem for Gram-negative bacteria.

Lyme carditis Return to Top

Lyme carditis, adult^[13]

Parenteral regimen

Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days
Alternative regimen: Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h for 14 (14–21) days OR Penicillin G 18–24 million U/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days

Oral regimen

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 500 mg tid for 14 (14–21) days OR Doxycycline 100 mg bid for 14 (14–21) days OR Cefuroxime 500 mg bid for 14 (14–21) days
Alternative regimen: Azithromycin 500 mg PO qd for 7–10 days OR Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid for 14–21 days (if the patient is not pregnant) OR Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for 14–21 days

Note (1): Parenteral regimen is recommended at the start of therapy for patients who have been hospitalized for cardiac monitoring; oral regimen may be substituted to complete a course of therapy or to treat ambulatory patients.

Note (2): A temporary pacemaker may be required for patients with advanced heart block.

Note (3): Patients treated with macrolides should be closely observed to ensure resolution of the clinical manifestations.

Lyme carditis, pediatric^[14]

Parenteral regimen

Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h (maximum, 2 g) for 14 (14–21) days
Alternative regimen: Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h (maximum, 6 g per day) for 14 (14–21) days OR Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h (not to exceed 18–24 million U per day) for 14 (14–21) days

Oral regimen

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day PO tid (maximum, 500 mg per dose) for 14 (14–21) days OR Doxycycline (for children aged ≥ 􏱢8 years) 4 mg/kg/day PO bid (maximum, 100 mg per dose) for 14 (14–21) days OR Cefuroxime 30 mg/kg/day PO bid (maximum, 500 mg per dose) for 14 (14–21) days
Alternative regimen: Azithromycin 10 mg/kg/day (maximum of 500 mg per day) for 7–10 days OR Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg PO bid (maximum of 500 mg per dose) for 14–21 days OR Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg PO qid (maximum of 500 mg per dose) for 14–21 days

Note (1): Parenteral regimen is recommended at the start of therapy for patients who have been hospitalized for cardiac monitoring; oral regimen may be substituted to complete a course of therapy or to treat ambulatory patients.

Note (2): A temporary pacemaker may be required for patients with advanced heart block.

Note (3): Patients treated with macrolides should be closely observed to ensure resolution of the clinical manifestations.

Myocarditis, viral Return to Top

Pericarditis, bacterial Return to Top

Bacterial pericarditis

Empiric antimicrobial therapy^[15]^[16]

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL for 28 days AND Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 28 days
Alternative regimen (1): Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL for 28 days AND Cefepime 2 g IV q12h for 28 days
Alternative regimen (2): Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL for 14–42 days AND Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14–42 days

Note: Pericardiocentesis must be promptly performed. Pericardial drainage combined with effective systemic antibiotic therapy is mandatory (antistaphylococcal agent plus aminoglycoside, followed by tailored antibiotic therapy according to cultures). Frequent irrigation of the pericardial cavity with urokinase or streptokinase may be considered. Open surgical drainage through subxiphoid pericardiotomy is preferable. Pericardiectomy may be required in patients with dense adhesions, loculated and thick purulent effusion, recurrence of tamponade, persistent infection, and progression to constriction.

Specific considerations^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Purulent pericarditis with contiguous pneumonia

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL AND (Ceftriaxone 1–2 g IV q12h OR Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6–8h) AND (Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h OR Levofloxacin 500–750 mg IV q24h)

Purulent pericarditis with contiguous head and neck infection

Preferred regimen: Imipenem 500 mg IV q6–8h OR Ampicillin-Sulbactam 3 g IV q6h

Purulent pericarditis secondary to infective endocarditis

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h

Purulent pericarditis after cardiac surgery, pediatric

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL AND (Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV q12–24h OR Cefotaxime 200–300 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h) AND Gentamicin 6–7.5 mg/kg/day IV q8h

Purulent pericarditis with genitourinary infection, pediatric

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL AND (Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV q12–24h OR Cefotaxime 200–300 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h) AND Gentamicin 6–7.5 mg/kg/day IV q8h

Purulent pericarditis in immunocompromised host, pediatric

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL AND (Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV q12–24h OR Cefotaxime 200–300 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h) AND Gentamicin 6–7.5 mg/kg/day IV q8h

Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy^[21]

Anaerobes

Preferred regimen: Clindamycin 600–900 mg IV q8h for 14–42 days OR Metronidazole 7.5 mg/kg IV q6h for 14–42 days OR Ampicillin-Sulbactam 3 g IV q6h for 14–42 days

Gram-negative bacilli

Preferred regimen: Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 14–42 days OR Levofloxacin 500–750 mg IV q24h for 14–42 days OR Cefepime 2 g IV q12h for 14–42 days

Legionella pneumophila

Preferred regimen: Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 14–42 days OR Levofloxacin 500–750 mg IV q24h for 14–42 days OR Azithromycin 500 mg IV q24h for 14–42 days

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg IV q12h for 14–42 days OR Azithromycin 500 mg IV q24h for 14–42 days

Neisseria meningitidis

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 5–24 MU/day IM/IV q4–6h for 14–42 days OR Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6–8h for 14–42 days OR Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14–42 days

Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible

Preferred regimen: Nafcillin 1–2 g IV q4h for 14–42 days OR Oxacillin 1–2 g IV q4h for 14–42 days OR Cefazolin 1–2 g IV q48h for 14–42 days OR Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL for 14–42 days OR Clindamycin 600–900 mg IV q8h for 14–42 days

Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL for 14–42 days OR Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h for 14–42 days

Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-susceptible

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 5–24 MU/day IM/IV q4–6h for 14–42 days OR Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6–8h for 14–42 days OR Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 14–42 days OR Levofloxacin 500–750 mg IV q24h for 14–42 days

Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-resistant

Preferred regimen: Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 14–42 days OR Levofloxacin 500–750 mg IV q24h for 14–42 days OR Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h targeting trough levels of 15–20 μg/mL for 14–42 days

Pericarditis, fungal Return to Top

Pericarditis, tuberculous Return to Top

Pericarditis, viral Return to Top

Rheumatic fever, primary prophylaxis Return to Top

Rheumatic fever, secondary prophylaxis Return to Top

Septic pelvic vein thrombophlebitis Return to Top

References

↑ Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA; et al. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 129 (23): 2440–92. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000029. PMID 24589852.
↑ Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H; et al. (2013). "[Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). The Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)]". G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 14 (3): 167–214. doi:10.1714/1234.13659. PMID 23474606.
↑ Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M; et al. (2007). "Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group". Circulation. 116 (15): 1736–54. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095. PMID 17446442.
↑ Foote, Elizabeth A.; Postier, Russell G.; Greenfield, Ronald A.; Bronze, Michael S. (2005-06). "Infectious Aortitis". Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 7 (2): 89–97. ISSN 1092-8464. PMID 15935117. Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.
↑ Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.
↑ Harrison JL, Prendergast BD, Sandoe JA (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, management and prevention of implantable cardiac electronic device infection". Heart. 101 (4): 250–2. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306873. PMID 25550318.
↑ Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.
↑ Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, Knight BP, Levison ME, Lockhart PB; et al. (2010). "Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation. 121 (3): 458–77. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192665. PMID 20048212.
↑ Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.
↑ Baddour, Larry M.; Wilson, Walter R.; Bayer, Arnold S.; Fowler, Vance G.; Bolger, Ann F.; Levison, Matthew E.; Ferrieri, Patricia; Gerber, Michael A.; Tani, Lloyd Y.; Gewitz, Michael H.; Tong, David C.; Steckelberg, James M.; Baltimore, Robert S.; Shulman, Stanford T.; Burns, Jane C.; Falace, Donald A.; Newburger, Jane W.; Pallasch, Thomas J.; Takahashi, Masato; Taubert, Kathryn A.; Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; American Heart Association; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005-06-14). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): –394-434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 15956145.
↑ Gilbert, David (2014). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 2014. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808782.
↑ Wormser, Gary P.; Dattwyler, Raymond J.; Shapiro, Eugene D.; Halperin, John J.; Steere, Allen C.; Klempner, Mark S.; Krause, Peter J.; Bakken, Johan S.; Strle, Franc; Stanek, Gerold; Bockenstedt, Linda; Fish, Durland; Dumler, J. Stephen; Nadelman, Robert B. (2006-11-01). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 43 (9): 1089–1134. doi:10.1086/508667. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 17029130.
↑ Wormser, Gary P.; Dattwyler, Raymond J.; Shapiro, Eugene D.; Halperin, John J.; Steere, Allen C.; Klempner, Mark S.; Krause, Peter J.; Bakken, Johan S.; Strle, Franc; Stanek, Gerold; Bockenstedt, Linda; Fish, Durland; Dumler, J. Stephen; Nadelman, Robert B. (2006-11-01). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 43 (9): 1089–1134. doi:10.1086/508667. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 17029130.
↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Maisch, Bernhard; Seferović, Petar M.; Ristić, Arsen D.; Erbel, Raimund; Rienmüller, Reiner; Adler, Yehuda; Tomkowski, Witold Z.; Thiene, Gaetano; Yacoub, Magdi H.; Task Force on the Diagnosis and Management of Pricardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (2004-04). "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology". European Heart Journal. 25 (7): 587–610. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.02.002. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 15120056. Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Pankuweit, Sabine; Ristić, Arsen D.; Seferović, Petar M.; Maisch, Bernhard (2005). "Bacterial pericarditis: diagnosis and management". American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs: Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions. 5 (2): 103–112. ISSN 1175-3277. PMID 15725041.
↑ Goodman, null (2000-08). "Purulent Pericarditis". Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2 (4): 343–350. ISSN 1092-8464. PMID 11096539. Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Cherry, James (2014). Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455711772.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[pmid24589852-1] Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA; et al. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 129 (23): 2440–92. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000029. PMID 24589852.

[pmid23474606-2] Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H; et al. (2013). "[Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). The Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)]". G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 14 (3): 167–214. doi:10.1714/1234.13659. PMID 23474606.

[pmid17446442-3] Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M; et al. (2007). "Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group". Circulation. 116 (15): 1736–54. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095. PMID 17446442.

[4] Foote, Elizabeth A.; Postier, Russell G.; Greenfield, Ronald A.; Bronze, Michael S. (2005-06). "Infectious Aortitis". Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 7 (2): 89–97. ISSN 1092-8464. PMID 15935117. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[5] Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.

[6] Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.

[7] Harrison JL, Prendergast BD, Sandoe JA (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, management and prevention of implantable cardiac electronic device infection". Heart. 101 (4): 250–2. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306873. PMID 25550318.

[8] Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.

[pmid20048212-9] Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, Knight BP, Levison ME, Lockhart PB; et al. (2010). "Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation. 121 (3): 458–77. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192665. PMID 20048212.

[10] Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P; et al. (2015). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE)". J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (2): 325–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dku383. PMID 25355810.

[11] Baddour, Larry M.; Wilson, Walter R.; Bayer, Arnold S.; Fowler, Vance G.; Bolger, Ann F.; Levison, Matthew E.; Ferrieri, Patricia; Gerber, Michael A.; Tani, Lloyd Y.; Gewitz, Michael H.; Tong, David C.; Steckelberg, James M.; Baltimore, Robert S.; Shulman, Stanford T.; Burns, Jane C.; Falace, Donald A.; Newburger, Jane W.; Pallasch, Thomas J.; Takahashi, Masato; Taubert, Kathryn A.; Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; American Heart Association; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005-06-14). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): –394-434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 15956145.

[12] Gilbert, David (2014). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 2014. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808782.

[13] Wormser, Gary P.; Dattwyler, Raymond J.; Shapiro, Eugene D.; Halperin, John J.; Steere, Allen C.; Klempner, Mark S.; Krause, Peter J.; Bakken, Johan S.; Strle, Franc; Stanek, Gerold; Bockenstedt, Linda; Fish, Durland; Dumler, J. Stephen; Nadelman, Robert B. (2006-11-01). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 43 (9): 1089–1134. doi:10.1086/508667. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 17029130.

[14] Wormser, Gary P.; Dattwyler, Raymond J.; Shapiro, Eugene D.; Halperin, John J.; Steere, Allen C.; Klempner, Mark S.; Krause, Peter J.; Bakken, Johan S.; Strle, Franc; Stanek, Gerold; Bockenstedt, Linda; Fish, Durland; Dumler, J. Stephen; Nadelman, Robert B. (2006-11-01). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 43 (9): 1089–1134. doi:10.1086/508667. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 17029130.

[15] Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.

[16] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[17] Maisch, Bernhard; Seferović, Petar M.; Ristić, Arsen D.; Erbel, Raimund; Rienmüller, Reiner; Adler, Yehuda; Tomkowski, Witold Z.; Thiene, Gaetano; Yacoub, Magdi H.; Task Force on the Diagnosis and Management of Pricardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (2004-04). "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology". European Heart Journal. 25 (7): 587–610. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.02.002. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 15120056. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[18] Pankuweit, Sabine; Ristić, Arsen D.; Seferović, Petar M.; Maisch, Bernhard (2005). "Bacterial pericarditis: diagnosis and management". American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs: Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions. 5 (2): 103–112. ISSN 1175-3277. PMID 15725041.

[19] Goodman, null (2000-08). "Purulent Pericarditis". Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2 (4): 343–350. ISSN 1092-8464. PMID 11096539. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[20] Cherry, James (2014). Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455711772.

[21] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

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Sandbox-ID-Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular

References

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