Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus future or investigational therapies
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor in Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Future or Investigational Therapies
In an individual with a milder V2R mutation resulting in a partial response to AVP and DDAVP, high doses of DDAVP in combination with a thiazide diuretic significantly decreased urinary volume [Mizuno et al 2003]. Effectiveness of this treatment in partial NDI needs to be explored further.
Because of the known gastrointestinal safety of selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors compared to nonselective COX-inhibitors (such as indomethacin), use of these drugs has been proposed for the treatment of NDI. The effectiveness of a specific COX-2 inhibitor in decreasing free water losses was demonstrated in male infants with NDI [Pattaragarn & Alon 2003, Soylu et al 2005]. However, in view of the recent discovery that prolonged use of this COX-2 inhibitor can cause severe cardiac side effects, it is not appropriate to use these inhibitors in the treatment of NDI until it has been determined which of the specific COX-2 inhibitors are completely safe.
Because in vitro expression studies reveal that the majority of V2R mutations in X-linked NDI and all AQP2 mutations in autosomal recessive NDI result in normal protein that is retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), agents that restore plasma routing are under investigation as potential treatments. Promising agents for X-linked NDI are cell-permeable V2R antagonists or agonists that in vitro rescue the intracellular retention of several V2R mutants [Morello et al 2000, Tan et al 2003, Bernier et al 2004, Robben et al 2006]. The feasibility of treatment with these so-called pharmacologic "chaperones" has recently been tested in vivo. In individuals with NDI who have missense AVPR2 mutations, Bernier et al (2006) showed that treatment with a non-f peptide V1a receptor antagonist had beneficial effects on urine volume and osmolality starting a few hours after administration. However, the long-term effect of this drug could not be tested because the clinical development of this V1a receptor antagonist was interrupted during the course of this study as a result of possible interference with the cytochrome P450 metabolic pathway. Confirmation of the putative beneficial effect of pharmacologic chaperones in NDI awaits further in vivo testing.
Aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, allow read-through of stop codon V2R mutants in vitro, resulting in the production of full-length proteins [Schulz et al 2002]. However, in view of the toxiceffect of these antibiotics on the kidney, the application of such a therapy to NDI in the future is unlikely.
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