Headache classification
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Editor-In-Chief: Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [1], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Headache may be classified according to international headache society(IHS) into two groups: primary and secondary.Based on the duration of symptoms, headache may be classified as either acute or chronic.There are five types of headache: vascular, myogenic (muscle tension), cervicogenic, traction, and inflammatory.
Classification
There are five types of headache: vascular, myogenic (muscle tension), cervicogenic, traction, and inflammatory.
Classification Based on Pathophysiology
Vascular
The most common type of vascular headache is migraine. Migraine headaches are usually characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head, an upset stomach, and, for some people, disturbed vision. It is more common in women. While vascular changes are evident during a migraine, the cause of the headache is neurologic, not vascular. Barre-Lieou is an excellent example [3]. After migraine, the most common type of vascular headache is the "toxic" headache produced by fever.
Other kinds of vascular headaches include cluster headaches, which cause repeated episodes of intense pain, and headaches resulting from high blood pressure (rare).[1][2]
Muscular/Myogenic
Muscular (or myogenic) headaches appear to involve the tightening or tensing of facial and neck muscles; they may radiate to the forehead. Tension headache is the most common form of myogenic headache. Myofascial pain [4] is a common cause of muscular headache.
Cervicogenic
Cervicogenic headaches originate from disorders of the neck Neck pain including the anatomical structures innervated by the cervical roots C1–C3. Cervical headache is often precipitated by neck movement and/or sustained awkward head positioning. It is often accompanied by restricted cervical range of motion, ipsilateral neck, shoulder, or arm pain of a rather vague non-radicular nature or, occasionally, arm pain of a radicular nature.
Traction/Inflammatory
Traction and inflammatory headaches are symptoms of other disorders, ranging from stroke to sinus infection.
Classification Based on Origin
There are two kinds of headache: primary headaches and second headaches.[2][1]
Primary Headaches
Primary headaches refer to headaches not associating with any stuctural problem in the head or neck, including migraine, tension, and cluster headaches, and a variety of other less common types of headache.[2]
Secondary Headaches
Secondary headaches are those that are due to an underlying stuctural problem in the head or neck, such as brain tumor, stroke, or brain infection.[2]
Specific Types of Headaches
- Tension headache
- Migraine,[5]
- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (headache with visual symptoms due to raised intracranial pressure)
- Ictal headache
- "Brain freeze" (also known as: ice cream headache)
- Thunderclap headache
- Vascular headache
- Toxic headache
- Coital cephalalgia (also known as: sex headache)
- Hemicrania continua
- Rebound headache (also called medication overuse headache, abbreviated MOH)
- Red wine headache
- "Spinal headache" (or: post-dural puncture headaches) after lumbar puncture or related procedure that will lower the intracranial pressure
- Hangover (caused by heavy alcohol consumption)
A headache may also be a symptom of sinusitis.
Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as warning signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true for headaches caused by inflammation, including those related to meningitis as well as those resulting from diseases of the sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 May A (2018). "Hints on Diagnosing and Treating Headache". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 115 (17): 299–308. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0299. PMC 5974268. PMID 29789115.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hainer BL, Matheson EM (2013). "Approach to acute headache in adults". Am Fam Physician. 87 (10): 682–7. PMID 23939446.