Eosinophilic esophagitis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ajay Gade MD[2]]
Overview
The causes of EoE are the food and pollen react with the lining of the esophagus, these allergens cause the multiplication of eosinophils in the layers of the esophagus and produce a protein that causes inflammation. The inflammation further cause scarring, excessive fibrous tissue deposition over the lining of the esophagus eventually leading to dysphagia. The dysphagia can sometimes worsen to cause food impaction and additional symptoms such as chest pain.
Causes
- The causes of EoE are as follows:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- The food and pollen react with the lining of the esophagus, these allergens cause the multiplication of eosinophils in the layers of the esophagus and produce a protein that causes inflammation.
- The inflammation further cause scarring, excessive fibrous tissue deposition over the lining of the esophagus eventually leading to dysphagia.
- The dysphagia can sometimes worsen to cause food impaction and additional symptoms such as chest pain.
EoE contributes to or causes GERD
- Various hypotheses have been proposed that EoE contributes to the development of GERD.
- Mucosal barrier- Eosinophils secrete inflammatory mediators such as VIP (Vasoactive intestinal peptide), PAF (platelet-activating factor), IL-6 which damages the integrity of the mucosal barrier and the smooth muscles of the esophagus.
- Peristalsis- VIP and PAF predisposes a patient to reflux by inducing relaxation of the LES, whereas the IL-6 affects the peristalsis and clearance of the acid, the alterations in esophageal function contribute to increased acid exposure due to impaired clearance of reflux contents
- Cytotoxic effect- Eosinophil cationic protein, Major basic protein, and Eosinophil peroxidase secreted by eosinophils have a direct cytotoxic effect on the mucosa, rendering the esophageal epithelium more susceptible to caustic injury by reflux gastric contents.
- Epithelial cells and nerves- the above-mentioned events exposes the epithelial cells and nerves to further acid injury.
- Remodeling- fibrosis and increased thickness of the esophageal wall, eventually leads to an increase in esophageal mural stiffness causing esophageal remodeling.
GERD contributes to or causes EoE
- There is a possibility that GERD may cause EoE.
- The pathognomic histological feature of the GERD is dilation of inter-cellular spaces of the esophageal squamous epithelium.
- Increased mucosal permeability in GERD due to a breach of the mucosal integrity of the esophagus leads to the penetration of allergens that may have been swallowed into the sub-epithelial space, which may then be accessed by antigen-presenting cells.
- The initial step of allergic sensitization involves antigen presentation by dendritic cells to naive T cells which are transformed to antigen-specific type 2 T helper (TH2) cells.
- The thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) production from the esophageal epithelium primes esophageal mucosal basophils to secrete IL-4, which promotes the allergic sensitization process.
References
- ↑ Makar AB, McMartin KE, Palese M, Tephly TR, Kia L, Hirano I (1975). "Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning". Biochem Med. 13 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.75. PMC 4948861. PMID 1.
- ↑ Savarino EV, Tolone S, Bartolo O, de Cassan C, Caccaro R, Galeazzi F, Nicoletti L, Salvador R, Martinato M, Costantini M, Savarino V (2016). "The GerdQ questionnaire and high resolution manometry support the hypothesis that proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia is a GERD-related phenomenon". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 44 (5): 522–30. doi:10.1111/apt.13718. PMID 27373195.
- ↑ Straumann A (2013). "Eosinophilic esophagitis: a bulk of mysteries". Dig Dis. 31 (1): 6–9. doi:10.1159/000347095. PMID 23797116.
- ↑ Straumann A (2012). "Eosinophilic esophagitis: rapidly emerging disorder". Swiss Med Wkly. 142: w13513. doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13513. PMID 22307811.
- ↑ Schoepfer AM, Simon D, Straumann A (2011). "Eosinophilic oesophagitis: latest intelligence". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 41 (5): 630–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03739.x. PMID 21429051.
- ↑ Godat S, Moradpour D, Schoepfer A (2011). "[Eosinophilic esophagitis: update 2011]". Rev Med Suisse (in French). 7 (307): 1678–80, 1682. PMID 21987875.
- ↑ Potter JW, Saeian K, Staff D, Massey BT, Komorowski RA, Shaker R, Hogan WJ (2004). "Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: an emerging problem with unique esophageal features". Gastrointest. Endosc. 59 (3): 355–61. PMID 14997131.