Bronchiolitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]
Overview
Bronchiolitis is one of the most common acute respiratory diseases that affects infants and children. The annual incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children in the United States. It occurs mostly during fall, winter, and early spring. Bronchiolitis may affect any age group, but mostly affects infants, especially those under 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis occurs more often in males than females and is more common among Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hispanics. Bronchiolitis has a low mortality rate despite the high number of hospitalizations associated with the illness.
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence
- In the United States, the incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children less than 1 year old.[1]
- Bronchiolitis has a seasonal pattern that varies according to climate changes in different geographic locations:
- In temperate climates, RSV infections generally occur during fall, winter, and early spring (between November and March in the northern hemisphere).
- The timing and severity of RSV circulation in a given community can vary from year to year.
- In tropical areas, bronchiolitis can be seen throughout the year.
- Seasonal trends of bronchiolitis could be associated with other etiological pathogens with seasonal patterns.[2]
Age
- Bronchiolitis may occur in people of any age but it usually affects children between the ages of 1 month and 1 year, with higher rates of severe disease in patients under 6 months of age.
- Almost all children will have had an RSV infection by their second birthday. About 25% to 40% of children exposed to RSV for the first time will develop signs or symptoms of bronchiolitis or pneumonia.[3]
Gender
- Bronchiolitis and severe bronchiolitis is more common in males than in females.[4]
- The male to female ratio for severe bronchiolitis is 1.5:1.
Race
- Bronchiolitis has been reported to be more prevalent in the Native American, native Alaskan and Hispanic populations. Low socioeconomic status also increases the percentage of the disease among these populations.
- Native American and native Alaskan children tend to have higher hospitalization rates due to bronchiolitis.
- It has been shown that the rate of hospitalization due to acute respiratory disease, including bronchiolitis, is higher in African American indviduals than in Caucasian individuals.[5]
Mortality and morbidity rate
- Mortality rate is low despite the high number of hospitalizations:[4]
- Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the U.S. is 2 deaths per 100,000 live births and less than 400 deaths during a year.
- Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the UK is 1.82 per 100,000 live births.
- Worldwide, the mortality rate due to acute respiratory infections including bronchiolitis is about 2 million deaths.
References
- ↑ Simoes EA, Carbonell-Estrany X (2003). "Impact of severe disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus in children living in developed countries". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 22 (2 Suppl): S13–8, discussion S18-20. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000053881.47279.d9. PMID 12671448.
- ↑ Weber MW, Mulholland EK, Greenwood BM (1998). "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in tropical and developing countries". Trop Med Int Health. 3 (4): 268–80. PMID 9623927.
- ↑ Rudan I, Tomaskovic L, Boschi-Pinto C, Campbell H, WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (2004). "Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age". Bull World Health Organ. 82 (12): 895–903. doi:/S0042-96862004001200005 Check
|doi=value (help). PMC 2623105. PMID 15654403. - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Smyth RL, Openshaw PJ (2006). "Bronchiolitis". Lancet. 368 (9532): 312–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69077-6. PMID 16860701.
- ↑ Iwane MK, Chaves SS, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Hall CB, Staat MA; et al. (2013). "Disparities between black and white children in hospitalizations associated with acute respiratory illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in 3 US counties--2002-2009". Am J Epidemiol. 177 (7): 656–65. doi:10.1093/aje/kws299. PMID 23436899.