Claisen rearrangement
The Claisen rearrangement is a powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming chemical reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen. The heating of an allyl vinyl ether will initiate a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl.
Discovered in 1912, the Claisen rearrangement is the first recorded example of a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.[1][2][3]
Many reviews have been written.[4][5][6][7]
Mechanism
The Claisen rearrangement (and its variants) are exothermic (about 84 kJ/mol), concerted pericyclic reactions which according to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules show a suprafacial reaction pathway.
There are substantial solvent effects in the Claisen reactions. More polar solvents tend to accelerate the reaction to a greater extent. Hydrogen-bonding solvents gave the highest rate constants. For example, ethanol/water solvent mixtures give rate constants 10-fold higher than sulfolane.[1][2]
Trivalent organoaluminium reagents, such as trimethylaluminium, have been shown to accelerate this reaction.[8][9]
Variations
Aromatic Claisen rearrangement
The aromatic variation of the Claisen rearrangement is the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of an allyl phenyl ether to an intermediate which quickly tautomerizes to an ortho-substituted phenol.
Bellus-Claisen rearrangement
The Bellus-Claisen rearrangement is the reaction of allylic ethers, amines, and thioethers with ketenes to give γ,δ-unsaturated esters, amides, and thioesters.[10][11][12]
Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement
The Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement proceeds from an allylic alcohol to a γ,δ-unsaturated amide, and was developed by Albert Eschenmoser in 1964.[13][14]
Ireland-Claisen rearrangement
The Ireland-Claisen rearrangement is the reaction of an allylic acetate with strong base (such as Lithium diisopropylamide) to give a γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid.[15][16][17]
Johnson-Claisen rearrangement
The Johnson-Claisen rearrangement is the reaction of an allylic alcohol with trimethyl orthoacetate to give a γ,δ-unsaturated ester.[18]
Hetero-Claisens
Aza-Claisen
An iminium can serve as one of the pi-bonded moieties in the rearrangement.[19]
Chromium Oxidation
Chromium can oxidize allylic alcohols to alpha-beta unsaturated ketones on the opposite side of the unsaturated bond from the alcohol. This is via a concerted hetero-claisen reaction, although there are mechanistic differences since the chromium atom has access to d- shell orbitals which allow the reaction under a less constrained set of geometries.[20][21]
Chen-Mapp Reaction
The Chen-Mapp reaction also known as the [3,3]-Phosphorimidate Rearrangement or Staudinger-Claisen Reaction installs a phosphite in the place of an alcohol and takes advantage of the Staudinger Ligation to convert this to an imine. The subsequent claisen is driven by the fact that a P=O double bond is more energetically favorable than a P=N double bond.[22]
Overman rearrangement
The Overman rearrangement (named after Larry Overman) is a Claisen rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidates to allylic trichloroacetamides.[23][24][25][26]
Zwitterionic Claisen rearrangement
Unlike typical Claisen rearrangements which require heating, zwitterionic Claisen rearrangements take place at or below room temperature. The acyl ammonium ions are highly selective for Z-enolates under mild conditions.[27][28]
Claisen rearrangement in nature
The enzyme Chorismate mutase (EC 5.4.99.5) catalyzes the Claisen rearrangement of chorismate ion to prephenate ion, a key intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway (the biosynthetic pathway towards the synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine).[29]
References
- ↑ Claisen, L.; Ber. 1912, 45, 3157.
- ↑ Claisen, L.; Tietze, E.; Ber. 1925, 58, 275.
- ↑ Claisen, L.; Tietze, E.; Ber. 1926, 59, 2344.
- ↑ Hiersemann, M.; Nubbemeyer, U. (2007) The Claisen Rearrangement. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527308253
- ↑ Rhoads, S. J.; Raulins, N. R.; Org. React. 1975, 22, 1-252. (Review)
- ↑ Ziegler, F. E.; Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 1423-1452. (Review)
- ↑ Wipf, P.; Comp. Org. Syn. 1991, 5, 827-873.
- ↑ Goering, H. L.; Jacobson, R. R.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 3277.
- ↑ White, W. N.; Wolfarth, E. F.; J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 2196.
- ↑ Malherbe, R.; Bellus, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta 1978, 61, 3096-3099.
- ↑ Malherbe, R.; Rist, G.; Bellus, D.; J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 860-869.
- ↑ Gonda, J.; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3516-3524.
- ↑ Wick, A. E.; Felix, D.; Steen, K.; Eschenmoser, A.; Helv. Chim. Acta 1964, 47, 2425-2429.
- ↑ Wick, A. E.; Felix, D.; Gschwend-Steen, K.; Eschenmoser, A.; Helv. Chim. Acta 1969, 52, 1030-1042.
- ↑ Ireland, R. E.; Mueller, R. H.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 5897-5898. (doi:10.1021/ja00771a062)
- ↑ Ireland, R. E.; Willard, A. K.; Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 16, 3975-3978.
- ↑ Ireland, R. E.; Mueller, R. H.; Willard, A. K.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2868-2877. (doi:10.1021/ja00426a033)
- ↑ Johnson, W. S. et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 741.
- ↑ Kurth, M. J.; Decker, O. H. W.; J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5769-5775.
- ↑ Dauben, W. G.; Michno, D. M. J. Org. Chem., 1977, 42, 682.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Vol. 82, p.108 (2005). (Article)
- ↑ Chen, B. Mapp, A K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6712. Abstract
- ↑ Overman, L. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 597.
- ↑ Overman, L. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2901.
- ↑ Overman, L. E. Accts. Chem. Res. 1980, 13, 218-224.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.507; Vol. 58, p.4 (Article)
- ↑ Yu, C.-M.; Choi, H.-S.; Lee, J.; Jung, W.-H.; Kim, H.-J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 115-116.
- ↑ Nubbemeyer, U. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3773-3780.
- ↑ Ganem, B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 936-945.