Anti-ganglioside antibodies
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| Autoantibody(s) | |
|---|---|
| Anti-ganglioside | |
| Common autoantibody characteristics | |
| Triggeringagent(s) | Campylobacter jejuni (Major)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Minor) Coeliac Disease(Rare) |
| Isoform specific | |
| autoantibody characteristics | |
| Autoantigen Isoform | Ganglidoside D3 (GD3) |
| Affected Organ(s) | Muscle |
| Affected Cells(s) | motor nerve terminal (nodes of Ranvier) |
| AssociatedDisease(s) | Guillain-Barré syndrome |
| Autoantibody class | IgA |
| Autoantigen Isoform | Ganglidoside M1 (GM1) |
| AssociatedDisease(s) | prodromal diarrhea |
| Autoantibody class | IgG |
| IgG Subclass | IgG1, IgG3, IgG4 |
| Autoantigen Isoform | Ganglidoside Q1b (GQ1b) |
| Affected Cells(s) | Schwann cells |
| AssociatedDisease(s) | Miller-Fisher Syndrome |
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Overview
Anti-ganglioside antibodies react to self-gangliosides are found in autoimmune neuropathies. These antibodies were first found to react with cerebellar cells.[1] These antibodies show highest association with certain forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Antibodies to Ganglioside subtypes
Autoantigenic gangliosides that are currently known are GD3, GM1, GQ3 and GT1.
Anti-GD3
Anti-GD3 antibodies have been found in association with specific forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome. In vivo studies of isolated anti-GM1 and GD3 antibodies indicate the antibodies can interfere with motor neuron function.[2] Anti-GD1a antibodies were highly associated acute motor axonal neuropathy while high titers of anti-GM1 were more frequent indicating that GD1a possibly targets the axolemma and nodes of Ranvier[3] most of the Ab+ patients had C. jejuni infections. Patients with Anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies were less common but had more severe disease (rapidly progressive, predominantly distal weakness).[4]
Anti-GM1
Levels of anti-GM1 are elevated in patients with various forms of dementia.[5] Antibodies levels correlate with more severe Guillain-Barré syndrome.[6] In Japan, levels to GM1 were elevated in patients with prodromal diarrhea.[7] Titers to GM1 in other diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus) was also elevated.[8] additionally highly significant association was found with rheumatoid arthritis and peripheral neuropathies.[9] Conflicting evidence suggests no significant elevation in motor neuron neuropathy but marginally elevated IgA in sensory neuron neuropathies.[10] The autoimmune role of anti-GM1 is still unclear.
Anti-GQ1b
Anti-GQ1b are found in Miller-Fisher syndrome. Studies of these antibodies reveal large disruption of the Schwann cells. [11] Anti-GQ1b IgG levels were elevated in patients with ophthalmoplegia in Gullian-Barré syndrome[7]
Triggering agents
Microbial agents include: Campylobacter jejuni and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.[12]
Campylobacter jejuni
Antibodies to a GM1 epitope as well as to one with the GT1a or GD3 epitope were found in different strains of Campylobacter jejuni[13] and patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome have a high occurrence of C. jejuni infection[14]. Many studies indicate that C. jejuni may be causative for a subset of some forms of neuropathies.
Coeliac disease
Antibodies to ganglioside are found to be elevated in coeliac disease.[15] Recent studies show that gliadin can cross-linke to gangliosides in a transglutaminase indepedent manner, indicating that gliadin specific T-cell could present these antigens to the immune system.[16]
Immunoglobin isotypes
IgG. In multiple sclerosis, antibodies to GM1 are dominated by the IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4.[17] Also anti-GM1 IgG has been identified in Guillain-Barré syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.[18] while controlled studies failed to find any significant association with these disease.[19] IgA. IgA to gangliosides have been observe in Gullien-Barre' syndrome. IgM. IgM antibodies have been detected in early work but their significance in disease is controversial.
References
- ↑ Gregson NA, Pytharas M, Leibowitz S (1977). "The reactivity of anti-ganglioside antiserum with isolated cerebellar cells". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 5 (1): 174-5. PMID 70385.
- ↑ Willison HJ, O'Hanlon G, Paterson G, et al (1997). "Mechanisms of action of anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome". J. Infect. Dis. 176 Suppl 2: S144-9. PMID 9396699.
- ↑ Ho TW, Willison HJ, Nachamkin I, et al (1999). "Anti-GD1a antibody is associated with axonal but not demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome". Ann. Neurol. 45 (2): 168-73. PMID 9989618.
- ↑ Ang CW, Yuki N, Jacobs BC, et al (1999). "Rapidly progressive, predominantly motor Guillain-Barré syndrome with anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies". Neurology 53 (9): 2122-7. PMID 10599792.
- ↑ Chapman J, Sela BA, Wertman E, Michaelson DM (1988). "Antibodies to ganglioside GM1 in patients with Alzheimer's disease". Neurosci. Lett. 86 (2): 235-40. PMID 3368123.
- ↑ Gregson NA, Koblar S, Hughes RA (1993). "Antibodies to gangliosides in Guillain-Barré syndrome: specificity and relationship to clinical features". Q. J. Med. 86 (2): 111-7. PMID 8464986.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Irie S, Saito T, Kanazawa N, et al (1997). "Relationships between anti-ganglioside antibodies and clinical characteristics of Guillain-Barré syndrome". Intern. Med. 36 (9): 607-12. PMID 9313102.
- ↑ Bansal AS, Abdul-Karim B, Malik RA, et al (1994). "IgM ganglioside GM1 antibodies in patients with autoimmune disease or neuropathy, and controls". J. Clin. Pathol. 47 (4): 300-2. PMID 8027366.
- ↑ Salih AM, Nixon NB, Gagan RM, et al (1996). "Anti-ganglioside antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by peripheral neuropathy". Br. J. Rheumatol. 35 (8): 725-31. PMID 8761183.
- ↑ García Guijo C, García-Merino A, Rubio G (1995). "Presence and isotype of anti-ganglioside antibodies in healthy persons, motor neuron disease, peripheral neuropathy, and other diseases of the nervous system". J. Neuroimmunol. 56 (1): 27-33. PMID 7822479.
- ↑ O'Hanlon GM, Plomp JJ, Chakrabarti M, et al (2001). "Anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibodies mediate complement-dependent destruction of the motor nerve terminal". Brain 124 (Pt 5): 893-906. PMID 11335692.
- ↑ Sinha S, Prasad KN, Jain D, Pandey CM, Jha S, Pradhan S (2007). "Preceding infections and anti-ganglioside antibodies in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome: a single centre prospective case-control study". Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13 (3): 334-7. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01636.x. PMID 17391394.
- ↑ Yuki N, Handa S, Tai T, et al (1995). "Ganglioside-like epitopes of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni (PEN 19) in three isolates from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome". J. Neurol. Sci. 130 (1): 112-6. PMID 7544402.
- ↑ Rees JH, Gregson NA, Hughes RA (1995). "Anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome and their relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection". Ann. Neurol. 38 (5): 809-16. doi:10.1002/ana.410380516. PMID 7486873.
- ↑ Volta U, De Giorgio R, Granito A, et al (2006). "Anti-ganglioside antibodies in coeliac disease with neurological disorders". Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 38 (3): 183-7. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2005.11.013. PMID 16458087.
- ↑ Alaedini A, Latov N (2006). "Transglutaminase-independent binding of gliadin to intestinal brush border membrane and GM1 ganglioside". J. Neuroimmunol. 177 (1-2): 167-72. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.022. PMID 16766047.
- ↑ Mathiesen T, von Holst H, Fredrikson S, et al (1989). "Total, anti-viral, and anti-myelin IgG subclass reactivity in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system". J. Neurol. 236 (4): 238-42. PMID 2760636.
- ↑ McCombe PA, Wilson R, Prentice RL (1992). "Anti-ganglioside antibodies in peripheral neuropathy". Clinical and experimental neurology 29: 182-8. PMID 1343861.
- ↑ Willison HJ, Chancellor AM, Paterson G, et al (1993). "Antiglycolipid antibodies, immunoglobulins and paraproteins in motor neuron disease: a population based case-control study". J. Neurol. Sci. 114 (2): 209-15. PMID 8445403.
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
