Anna Gillingham
Anna Gillingham (1878–1963) was an educator and psychologist. Working with Dr. Samuel Orton, she trained teachers and published instructional materials regarding reading instruction, producing the Orton-Gillingham approach to reading instruction. With Bessie Stillman, she wrote what has become the Orton–Gillingham manual: Remedial Training for Children with Specific Disability in Reading, Spelling and Penmanship. First published in 1935/6, this work is updated and republished regularly. Along with the help of Stillman, Gillingham set about developing a “sequential, alphabetic-phonetic multisensory program” which was used as a tool with which students could easily create formulated and meaningful syllables [1]. This approach eliminated the need for a child to memorize almost all words in language, limiting it simply to those which were nonphonetic. This teaching manual for the “alphabetic method” of Orton’s theories combined multisensory techniques with teaching the structure of written English, including sounds (phonemes), meaning units (morphemes such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots) and common spelling rules.
Anna Gillingham devoted her life to the maxim that in teaching, “one should establish associations involving the simplest possible units and should use carious reinforcement techniques” to create solid association links. Alongside the practicing and development of her techniques, Gillingham began working with Dr. Henry Goddard – known for his adaptation and translation of the French Simon and Binet tests for use in determining superior intelligence, thus becoming the first school psychologist in the country.
After giving up her quest for a Ph.D., Gillingham – with Stillman by her side – set out on the methodical sorting of the English language. “They sorted…the words in our language containing carious single phonograms, those containing digraphs and diphthongs, and those which followed a certain pattern of syllable division. They developed spelling rules and located exceptions to them, determined which spellings of vowel sounds occurred with the greatest frequency in our language, and then developed procedures for mastering nonphonetic words." At the age of 69 Gillingham began as a consultant for several schools throughout the country to supervise her remedial and preventative programs, to train teachers for individual student teaching, and to train classroom teachers.
To align her methods with the new editions of Webster's Dictionary, which altered pronunciation of final syllables in many words and completely abandoned older rules of syllable division, Gillingham attempted to (at the age of 80 years old) conform her work to the latest linguistic principles. Examples of the change in syllable division and final syllabic changes are as follows:
| - | Former | Current |
|---|---|---|
| Tandem | (tan’ dem) | tand-m |
| System | (sis’ tem) | ‘sist-m |
| Excuse | (eks kuz’) | iks – ‘kyuz |
| Cancel | (kan’ sel) | ‘kan(t)s-l |
Another key aspect reinforced by Gillingham’s teaching career is her adherence to the theory that too early exposure to reading and writing may be harmful to children. The roots of her beliefs in this come from her own childhood, having spent the first ten years of her life on a Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. On her school experience Gillingham wrote, “My parents believed in my having as wide general knowledge as possible before being introduced to the symbolism of written language…I believe that such postponement of reading and writing would be a great saving of the child’s and taxpayer’s money.”
References
- ↑ McClelland, Jane. "Gillingham: Contemporary After 76 Years." Annals of Dyslexia 49 (1989): 3-49.