Ameloblastoma pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shivali Marketkar, M.B.B.S. [2], Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [3]

Ameloblastoma Microchapters

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Overview

Ameloblastoma arise from remnants of ameloblast or dental lamina, dentigerous cysts, or basal layer of oral mucosa. There is evidence that suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 may inhibit the local invasiveness of ameloblastoma. On gross pathology, the characteristic findings of ameloblastoma may include solid and cystic, multicystic and intraosseous or extraosseous, or rarely unicystic. On microscopic histopathological analysis, stellate reticulum, giant cells, subepithelial hyalinization, and columnar basal cells in palisading arrangement with vacuolated cytoplasm are characteristic findings of ameloblastoma. The exact pathophysiology of ameloblastoma is not fully understood. It is thought that ameloblastoma is the result of either suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 that may inhibit the local invasiveness of ameloblastoma, or there is also some research suggesting that α5β1 integrin may participate in the local invasiveness of ameloblastoma. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma include BRAF V600E.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Genetics

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma include:

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology the following are the characteristic findings of ameloblastoma:[7][8][9]

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic examination, the following characteristic findings of ameloblastoma are present:

  • Stellate reticulum - star-shaped cells, found in a developing tooth[10][11]
  • Giant cells may or may not be present
  • Subepithelial hyalinization may or may not be present
  • Seen deep to the basement membrane
  • Suprabasal cells loosely textured and noncohesive, resembling stellate reticulum
  • The plexiform type has epithelium that proliferates in a "Fish Net Pattern"
  • The follicular type will have outer arrangement of columnar or palisaded ameloblast like cells and inner zone of triangular shaped cells resembling stellate reticulum in bell stage. The central cells sometimes degenerate to form central microcysts
  • No enamel or dentin formation
  • Tall columnar cells
    • Palisaded nuclei with reverse polarization
      • Reverse polarization of nuclei = nuclei distant from the basement membrane/nuclei at pole opposite of basement membrane
      • Palisaded nuclei = picket fence appearance; columnar-shaped nuclei with long axis perpendicular to the basement membrane (key feature)
    • Subnuclear vacuolation
  • The following are the different histopathological variants of ameloblastoma:[2][1]
    • Intraosseous (follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, multicystic, unicystic, granular cell [lysosomes by EM], basal cell, desmoplastic)
    • Extraosseous (follicular, plexiform, basal cell)

The image shows the characteristic features:[12]

  • Subnuclear vacuolation in palisading cell - vacuoles at the basement membrane aspect
  • Loose stroma around the islands of cells
  • Star-like cells at the centre of the islands of cells (stellate reticulum)

Video

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References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Ameloblastoma. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameloblastoma Accessed on December 25, 2015
  2. 2.0 2.1 Ameloblastoma. Libre pathology(2015) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Ameloblastoma Accessed on December 25, 2015
  3. Pandya NJ, Stuteville OH (1972). "Treatment of ameloblastoma". Plast Reconstr Surg. 50 (3): 242–8. PMID 4115148.
  4. Masthan KM, Anitha N, Krupaa J, Manikkam S (April 2015). "Ameloblastoma". J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 7 (Suppl 1): S167–70. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.155891. PMC 4439660. PMID 26015700.
  5. Brazis PW, Miller NR, Lee AG, Holliday MJ (1995). "Neuro-ophthalmologic Aspects of Ameloblastoma". Skull Base Surg. 5 (4): 233–44. PMC 1656531. PMID 17170964.
  6. McClary, Andrew C.; West, Robert B.; McClary, Ashley C.; Pollack, Jonathan R.; Fischbein, Nancy J.; Holsinger, Christopher F.; Sunwoo, John; Colevas, A. Dimitrios; Sirjani, Davud (2015). "Ameloblastoma: a clinical review and trends in management". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 273 (7): 1649–1661. doi:10.1007/s00405-015-3631-8. ISSN 0937-4477.
  7. Mendenhall WM, Werning JW, Fernandes R, Malyapa RS, Mendenhall NP (December 2007). "Ameloblastoma". Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 30 (6): 645–8. doi:10.1097/COC.0b013e3181573e59. PMID 18091060.
  8. Dunfee BL, Sakai O, Pistey R, Gohel A (2006). "Radiologic and pathologic characteristics of benign and malignant lesions of the mandible". Radiographics. 26 (6): 1751–68. doi:10.1148/rg.266055189. PMID 17102048.
  9. McClary, Andrew C.; West, Robert B.; McClary, Ashley C.; Pollack, Jonathan R.; Fischbein, Nancy J.; Holsinger, Christopher F.; Sunwoo, John; Colevas, A. Dimitrios; Sirjani, Davud (2015). "Ameloblastoma: a clinical review and trends in management". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 273 (7): 1649–1661. doi:10.1007/s00405-015-3631-8. ISSN 0937-4477.
  10. Gardner DG, Corio RL (April 1984). "Plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma. A variant of ameloblastoma with a low-recurrence rate after enucleation". Cancer. 53 (8): 1730–5. PMID 6697311.
  11. McClary, Andrew C.; West, Robert B.; McClary, Ashley C.; Pollack, Jonathan R.; Fischbein, Nancy J.; Holsinger, Christopher F.; Sunwoo, John; Colevas, A. Dimitrios; Sirjani, Davud (2015). "Ameloblastoma: a clinical review and trends in management". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 273 (7): 1649–1661. doi:10.1007/s00405-015-3631-8. ISSN 0937-4477.
  12. Gruica B, Stauffer E, Buser D, Bornstein M. (2003). "Ameloblastoma of the follicular, plexiform, and acanthomatous type in the maxillary sinus: a case report". Quintessence International. 34 (4): 311–4. PMID 12731620. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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