WBR0684: Difference between revisions
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|MainCategory=Pharmacology | |MainCategory=Pharmacology | ||
|SubCategory=Hematology | |SubCategory=Hematology | ||
|Prompt=A 33 year old man presents to the emergency department (ED) complaining of severe abdominal pain and vomiting. He has no significant past medical history except for bouts of red urine and yellow skin color, especially in the early morning following late night exercise. Physical examination is remarkable for skin jaundice, hepatomegaly, abdominal distention with shifting dullness, and lower extremity edema. Following appropriate imaging, the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome. | |Prompt=A 33 year old man presents to the emergency department (ED) complaining of severe abdominal pain and vomiting. He has no significant past medical history except for bouts of red urine and yellow skin color, especially in the early morning following late night exercise. Physical examination is remarkable for skin jaundice, hepatomegaly, abdominal distention with shifting dullness, and lower extremity edema. Following appropriate imaging, the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome and adequate management is initiated. Further investigation including flow cytometry shows decreased expression of CD59 and CD55 on red blood cells. Which of the following is an appropriate pharmacologic therapy for this patient's condition? | ||
|Explanation=The patient is presenting with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is a disease of the red blood cells (RBC), whereby patients classically have a clinical syndrome that may present with any of the following: Hemolytic anemia, thrombosis, and abnormal hematopoiesis, such as pancytopenia. The patient in the vignette describes nocturnal hemoglobinuria, which is frequently mistaken for hematuria. In PNH, hemoglobin breakdown most commonly occurs in episodes, especially after times of stress, such as exercise or infections. Because thrombosis is a feature of PNH, patients usually have thrombotic events in unusual locations, such as in the hepatic veins or portal system. In this example, the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Finally, flow cytometry showing decreased or absent CD55 and CD59 on RBC is diagnostic of PNH. Treatment is usually by eculizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to complement protein C5 and inhibits its cleavage into C5a and C5b. | |Explanation=The patient is presenting with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is a disease of the red blood cells (RBC), whereby patients classically have a clinical syndrome that may present with any of the following: Hemolytic anemia, thrombosis, and abnormal hematopoiesis, such as pancytopenia. The patient in the vignette describes nocturnal hemoglobinuria, which is frequently mistaken for hematuria. In PNH, hemoglobin breakdown most commonly occurs in episodes, especially after times of stress, such as exercise or infections. Because thrombosis is a feature of PNH, patients usually have thrombotic events in unusual locations, such as in the hepatic veins or portal system. In this example, the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Finally, flow cytometry showing decreased or absent CD55 and CD59 on RBC is diagnostic of PNH. Treatment is usually by eculizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to complement protein C5 and inhibits its cleavage into C5a and C5b. | ||
Revision as of 09:31, 7 November 2013
| Author | [[PageAuthor::Rim Halaby, M.D. [1]]] |
|---|---|
| Exam Type | ExamType::USMLE Step 1 |
| Main Category | MainCategory::Pharmacology |
| Sub Category | SubCategory::Hematology |
| Prompt | [[Prompt::A 33 year old man presents to the emergency department (ED) complaining of severe abdominal pain and vomiting. He has no significant past medical history except for bouts of red urine and yellow skin color, especially in the early morning following late night exercise. Physical examination is remarkable for skin jaundice, hepatomegaly, abdominal distention with shifting dullness, and lower extremity edema. Following appropriate imaging, the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome and adequate management is initiated. Further investigation including flow cytometry shows decreased expression of CD59 and CD55 on red blood cells. Which of the following is an appropriate pharmacologic therapy for this patient's condition?]] |
| Answer A | AnswerA::Eculizumab |
| Answer A Explanation | AnswerAExp::Eculizumab is currently used to treat PNH. |
| Answer B | AnswerB::Infliximab |
| Answer B Explanation | AnswerBExp::Infliximab is an anti-TNF alpha used in autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's diseases of rheumatoid arthritis. |
| Answer C | AnswerC::Rituximab |
| Answer C Explanation | AnswerCExp::Rituximab is an anti-CD20 that is useful in certain B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. |
| Answer D | AnswerD::Gamma-interferon |
| Answer D Explanation | AnswerDExp::Gamma-interferon is used in conditions such as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). |
| Answer E | AnswerE::Tacrolimus |
| Answer E Explanation | AnswerEExp::Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor that prevents the secretion of IL-2. |
| Right Answer | RightAnswer::A |
| Explanation | [[Explanation::The patient is presenting with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is a disease of the red blood cells (RBC), whereby patients classically have a clinical syndrome that may present with any of the following: Hemolytic anemia, thrombosis, and abnormal hematopoiesis, such as pancytopenia. The patient in the vignette describes nocturnal hemoglobinuria, which is frequently mistaken for hematuria. In PNH, hemoglobin breakdown most commonly occurs in episodes, especially after times of stress, such as exercise or infections. Because thrombosis is a feature of PNH, patients usually have thrombotic events in unusual locations, such as in the hepatic veins or portal system. In this example, the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Finally, flow cytometry showing decreased or absent CD55 and CD59 on RBC is diagnostic of PNH. Treatment is usually by eculizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to complement protein C5 and inhibits its cleavage into C5a and C5b.
Educational Objective: Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody used to treat PNH. Reference:
Parker C, Bessler M, Richards S, et al. Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood. 2005;106(12):3699-3709. |
| Approved | Approved::No |
| Keyword | WBRKeyword::PNH, WBRKeyword::paroxysmal, WBRKeyword::nocturnal, WBRKeyword::hemoglobinuria, WBRKeyword::haemoglobinuria, WBRKeyword::yellow, WBRKeyword::jaundice, WBRKeyword::abdominal, WBRKeyword::pain, WBRKeyword::budd-chiari, WBRKeyword::buds, WBRKeyword::chiari, WBRKeyword::flow, WBRKeyword::cytometry, WBRKeyword::syndrome, WBRKeyword::thrombosis, WBRKeyword::hemolytic, WBRKeyword::anemia, WBRKeyword::pancytopenia, WBRKeyword::CD55, WBRKeyword::CD59 |
| Linked Question | Linked:: |
| Order in Linked Questions | LinkedOrder:: |