Vascular dementia

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Clinical Features

  • The clinical features of vascular Dementia are as follows:[1][2][3][4]
    • Cognitive decline.
    • Neuro-Psychosis.
    • Depression.
    • Abulia.
    • Apathy.
    • Delusions.
    • Hallucinations.

Differentiating Vascular dementia from other diseases

  • Vascular dementia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause cognitive impairment, psychomotor slowing, and gait impairment, such as:[5][6][7][8]
  • Alzheimer disease.
  • Parkinson disease.
  • Lewy body disease.
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus.
  • Depression.

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of vascular dementia is approximately 0.0016 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[9]
  • From the year 2000 till 2010, the incidence of vascular dementia was estimated to be 0.00002 cases per 100,000 individuals in United States.[10]

Age

  • Vascular dementia is more commonly observed among elderly patients.[11]

Gender

  • Vascular dementia affects men and women equally.

Race

  • White race individuals are less likely to develop vascular dementia.[11]

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of vascular dementia are given below:[9][12][13][14]
    • Advanced age
    • Smoking
    • Hypertension
    • Diabetes
    • Atrial fibrillation
    • Elevated total cholesterol levels
    • Low or high body mass index
    • Coronary artery disease
    • Lower physical activity
  1. ↑ Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Valenzuela MJ, Lorentz L, Looi JC, Wen W, Zagami AS (March 2004). "The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment in stroke and TIA patients". Neurology. 62 (6): 912–9. PMID 15037692.
  2. ↑ Meguro K, Akanuma K, Ouchi Y, Meguro M, Nakamura K, Yamaguchi S (July 2013). "Vascular dementia with left thalamic infarction: neuropsychological and behavioral implications suggested by involvement of the thalamic nucleus and the remote effect on cerebral cortex. The Osaki-Tajiri project". Psychiatry Res. 213 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.004. PMID 23693088.
  3. ↑ Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O'Brien J, Skoog I, Alladi S, Black SE, Blacker D, Blazer DG, Chen C, Chui H, Ganguli M, Jellinger K, Jeste DV, Pasquier F, Paulsen J, Prins N, Rockwood K, Roman G, Scheltens P (2014). "Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement". Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 28 (3): 206–18. doi:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000034. PMC 4139434. PMID 24632990.
  4. ↑ Moulin S, Labreuche J, Bombois S, Rossi C, Boulouis G, Hénon H, Duhamel A, Leys D, Cordonnier C (July 2016). "Dementia risk after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a prospective cohort study". Lancet Neurol. 15 (8): 820–829. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00130-7. PMID 27133238.
  5. ↑ Graham NL, Emery T, Hodges JR (January 2004). "Distinctive cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 75 (1): 61–71. PMC 1757469. PMID 14707310.
  6. ↑ Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T (March 2005). "Vascular parkinsonism--an important cause of parkinsonism in older people". Age Ageing. 34 (2): 114–9. doi:10.1093/ageing/afi025. PMID 15713855.
  7. ↑ McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, Aarsland D, Galvin J, Attems J, Ballard CG, Bayston A, Beach TG, Blanc F, Bohnen N, Bonanni L, Bras J, Brundin P, Burn D, Chen-Plotkin A, Duda JE, El-Agnaf O, Feldman H, Ferman TJ, Ffytche D, Fujishiro H, Galasko D, Goldman JG, Gomperts SN, Graff-Radford NR, Honig LS, Iranzo A, Kantarci K, Kaufer D, Kukull W, Lee V, Leverenz JB, Lewis S, Lippa C, Lunde A, Masellis M, Masliah E, McLean P, Mollenhauer B, Montine TJ, Moreno E, Mori E, Murray M, O'Brien JT, Orimo S, Postuma RB, Ramaswamy S, Ross OA, Salmon DP, Singleton A, Taylor A, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, Toledo JB, Trojanowski JQ, Tsuang D, Walker Z, Yamada M, Kosaka K (July 2017). "Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium". Neurology. 89 (1): 88–100. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058. PMC 5496518. PMID 28592453. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  8. ↑ Gallia GL, Rigamonti D, Williams MA (July 2006). "The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus". Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2 (7): 375–81. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0237. PMID 16932588.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lobo A, Launer LJ, Fratiglioni L, Andersen K, Di Carlo A, Breteler MM, Copeland JR, Dartigues JF, Jagger C, Martinez-Lage J, Soininen H, Hofman A (2000). "Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group". Neurology. 54 (11 Suppl 5): S4–9. PMID 10854354.
  10. ↑ Satizabal CL, Beiser AS, Chouraki V, Chêne G, Dufouil C, Seshadri S (February 2016). "Incidence of Dementia over Three Decades in the Framingham Heart Study". N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (6): 523–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504327. PMC 4943081. PMID 26863354.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM (November 2009). "Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet Neurol. 8 (11): 1006–18. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70236-4. PMID 19782001.
  12. ↑ Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S, Sønnesyn H, Ballard C (July 2011). "Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 26 (7): 661–9. doi:10.1002/gps.2572. PMID 21495075.
  13. ↑ Hébert R, Lindsay J, Verreault R, Rockwood K, Hill G, Dubois MF (July 2000). "Vascular dementia : incidence and risk factors in the Canadian study of health and aging". Stroke. 31 (7): 1487–93. PMID 10884442.
  14. ↑ Hassing LB, Johansson B, Nilsson SE, Berg S, Pedersen NL, Gatz M, McClearn G (September 2002). "Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for vascular dementia, but not for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study of the oldest old". Int Psychogeriatr. 14 (3): 239–48. PMID 12475085.
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