Transitional cell carcinoma overview: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
[[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder include [[HRAS]], [[Retinoblastoma protein|Rb1]], [[PTEN]]/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat [[lesions]] or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of '''non-invasive''' transitional cell carcinomas; a large infiltrative [[mass]] or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of '''invasive''' transitional cell carcinomas. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of [[cell]] polarity, [[nuclear]] crowding, and cytologic [[atypia]] are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] are characteristic findings of [[papillary]] lesion; invasion beyond the [[basement membrane]] is the characteristic finding of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. | [[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder include [[HRAS]], [[Retinoblastoma protein|Rb1]], [[PTEN]]/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat [[lesions]] or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of '''non-invasive''' transitional cell carcinomas; a large infiltrative [[mass]] or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of '''invasive''' transitional cell carcinomas. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of [[cell]] polarity, [[nuclear]] crowding, and cytologic [[atypia]] are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] are characteristic findings of [[papillary]] lesion; invasion beyond the [[basement membrane]] is the characteristic finding of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. | ||
==Causes== | |||
There are no established causes for transitional cell carcinoma. | |||
Revision as of 13:43, 24 February 2016
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Transitional cell carcinoma Microchapters |
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Differentiating Transitional cell carcinoma from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the kidney, bladder or ureter. It is the most common type of bladder cancer. It arises from the transitional epithelium lining found in these organs.
Classification
Based on the growth pattern, transitional cell carcinoma may be classified into either papillary urothelial carcinoma or non-papillary urothelial carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma may be classified according to World Health Organization in a collaborative effort conjointly with the International Society of Urological Pathologists (ISUP) into two groups: infiltrating urothelial carcinomas and non-invasive urothelial carcinomas.[1] Based on the degree of cellular differentiation, transitional cell carcinoma may be classified into two grades: low grade and high grade.
Pathophysiology
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder include HRAS, Rb1, PTEN/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat lesions or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive transitional cell carcinomas; a large infiltrative mass or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of cell polarity, nuclear crowding, and cytologic atypia are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and eosinophilic cytoplasm are characteristic findings of papillary lesion; invasion beyond the basement membrane is the characteristic finding of invasive transitional cell carcinomas.
Causes
There are no established causes for transitional cell carcinoma.
References
- ↑ Oosterhuis JW, Schapers RF, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Pauwels RP, Newling DW, ten Kate F (2002). "Histological grading of papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic value of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification system and comparison with conventional grading systems". J Clin Pathol. 55 (12): 900–5. PMC 1769816. PMID 12461053.