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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Tinnitus ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA pronunciation]]: {{IPA|[tɪ'naɪtəs]}} or {{IPA|['tɪnɪtəs]}},<ref name="ata">[http://www.ata.org American Tinnitus Association | Home | Help For Ringing In The Ears]</ref> from the Latin word for "ringing"<ref name="m-w">[http://m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=tinnitus Dictionary of tinnitus - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]</ref>) is the perception of sound in the [[human]] [[ear]] in the absence of corresponding external sound(s).
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==Pathophysiology== |
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| | | ==Causes of subjective tinnitus== |
| == Causes of subjective tinnitus == | |
| Tinnitus can have many different causes, but most commonly results from otologic disorders - the same conditions that cause hearing loss. The most common cause is noise-induced hearing loss, resulting from exposure to excessive or loud noises. [[Ototoxicity|Ototoxic]] drugs can cause tinnitus either secondary to hearing loss or without hearing loss, and may increase the damage done by exposure to loud noise, even at doses that are not in themselves ototoxic.<ref name="nih-7035098">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=7035098 Ototoxic drugs and noise]</ref>
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| ===Life Threatening Causes===
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| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| * [[Antibiotics]]
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| * [[Cerumen impaction]]
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| * [[Noise|Chronic exposure to noise]]
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| * [[Otosclerosis]]
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| * [[Presbyacusis]]
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
| | *[[Antibiotics]] |
| | *[[Cerumen impaction]] |
| | *[[Noise|Chronic exposure to noise]] |
| | *[[Otosclerosis]] |
| | *[[Presbyacusis]] |
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| == Complete Differential Diagnosis of Tinnitus== | | ==Complete Differential Diagnosis of Tinnitus== |
| *[[Acoustic neuroma]]
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| *Acute or chronic [[otitis media]]
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| *[[Alcohol]]
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| *[[Aminoglycosides]]
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| *[[Anemia]]
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| *[[Antidepressant]]s
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| *[[Anxiety]]
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| *Arterial [[bruit]]s
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| :*Abberant [[carotid artery]]
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| :*[[Carotid stenosis]]
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| :*Persistant stapedial artery
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| *[[Arteriovenous malformation]]
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| *[[Aspirin]]
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| *AV shunts
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| *[[Bruxism]]
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| *Cardiac [[arrhythmias]]
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| *[[Cerumen]]
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| *Cervival osteochondrosis
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| *[[Depression]]
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| *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
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| *[[Diuretics]]
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| *[[Drugs]]- [[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Piroxicam]]
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| *[[Epilepsy]]
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| *Eustation tube dysfunction
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| *External auditory canal obstruction
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| *Faulty jaw position
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| *Foreign body against [[tympanic membrane]]
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| *Glomus tympanicum
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| *Hallucinations
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| *Heavy metals
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| *Heavy [[smoking]]
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| *High jugular bulb
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| *[[Hypertension]]
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| *[[Hyperthyroidism]]
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| *[[Hypertension]]
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| *[[Hypothyroidism]]
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| *[[Indomethacin]]
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| *Inner ear disease
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| *[[Meniere Disease]]
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| *[[Meningitis]]
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| *Middle ear disease
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| *[[Multiple Sclerosis]]
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| *[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
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| *Noise induced [[hearing loss]]
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| *[[Omeprazole]]
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| *[[Otosclerosis]]
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| *Palatial [[myoclonus]]
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| *[[Pregnancy]]
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| *[[Presbycusis]] (age related hearing loss)
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| *[[Pseudotumor cerebri]]
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| *[[Quinine]]
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| *[[Sorafenib]]
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| *[[Stapedius]] spasm
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| *Tooth abnormalities
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| *Tooth extractions
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| *Temporal lobe [[tumor]]
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| *[[Venous hum]]s
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| *[[Vitamin A]] deficency
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| *[[Vitamin B]] deficency
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| ===Symptoms=== | | ===Symptoms=== |
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| ==Prevention== | | ==Prevention== |
| Tinnitus and hearing loss can be permanent conditions, thus, precautionary measures are advisable. If a ringing in the ears is audible after exposure to a loud environment, such as a rock concert or a work place, it means that damage has been done. Prolonged exposure to noise levels as low as 70 dB can result in damage to hearing ''(see [[noise health effects]])''. If it is not possible to limit exposure, earplugs or ear defenders should be worn. For musicians and DJs, special musicians' earplugs can lower the volume of the music without distorting the sound and can prevent tinnitus from developing in later years.
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| It is also important to check medications for potential [[ototoxicity]]. [[Ototoxicity]] can be cumulative between medications, or can greatly increase the damage done by noise. If ototoxic medications must be administered, close attention by the physician to prescription details, such as dose and dosage interval, can reduce the damage done.<ref name="ingenta-4">[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/soto/2001/00000121/00000005/art00004 IngentaConnect Drug-induced Otoxicity: Current Status]</ref>
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |