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==Fundamentals of EKG==
===Basic Principles of Interpretation of an EKG===
*[[Introduction to ECG|Introduction to EKG]]
*[[How to Read an ECG|How to read an EKG]]
*[[Normal sinus rhythm]]
*[[QRS axis and voltage]]
*[[Electrocardiography|Overall overview on electrocardiography]]


===EKG Complexes===
*[[P wave]]
*[[QRS complex]]
*[[ST segment]]
*[[T wave]]


===EKG Intervals===
*[[PR Interval|PR interval]]
*[[QRS Interval|QRS interval]]
*[[QT Interval|QT interval]]
*[[ST interval|ST interval]]


===[[Electrocardiography|Electrocardiography as a Single Chapter]]===
===Abnormal Findings on the EKG===
*[[Delta wave]]
*[[H wave]]
*[[K wave]]
*[[Low QRS voltage]]
*[[Nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave changes]]
*[[NSSTW changes]]
*[[Osborn wave]]
*[[P wave alternans]]
*[[Poor R wave progression]]
*[[PR interval alternans]]
*[[QRS complex alternans]]
*[[QT prolongation]] 
*[[Retrograde P wave]]
* [[Sine wave pattern]]
*[[T wave alternans]]
*[[T wave inversion]]
*[[Tombstone ST elevation]]
*[[U wave]]


===Fundamentals of the Electrocardiogram===
==Conduction System==
*[[PR Interval|The PR Interval]]
*[[Cardiac pacemaker]]
*[[QRS Interval|The QRS Interval]]
*[[SA node]]
*[[QT Interval|The QT Interval]]
*[[AV node]]
*[[T Wave|The T Wave]]
*[[Bundle of His]]
*[[The U Wave]]
*[[Purkinje fibers]]


===Diagnosis of Hypertrophy and Enlargement===
==Tachyarrhythmias==
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH| Electrocardiographic Findings in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)]]
=== Atrial Arrhythmias ===
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation electrocardiogram|Atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biventricular Hypertrophy]]
*[[Atrial flutter electrocardiogram|Atrial flutter]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Left Atrial Enlargement]]
*[[Ectopic Atrial Rhythm|Ectopic atrial rhythm]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Atrial Enlargement]]
*[[Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)|Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biatrial Enlargement]]
*[[Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block|Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) with block]]
*[[Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)|Premature atrial contractions (PAC)]]
*[[Sinus Tachycardia|Sinus tachycardia]]
*[[Supraventricular tachycardia electrocardiogram|Supraventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Wandering atrial pacemaker]]


===Bundle Branch Block===
=== Ventricular Arrhythmias ===
*[[Left Bundle Branch Block]]
*[[Accelerated idioventricular rhythm electrocardiogram|Accelerated idioventricular rhythm]]
*[[Right Bundle Branch Block]]
*[[Ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram|Ventricular fibrillation]]
*[[Ventricular Parasystole|Ventricular parasystole]]
*[[Ventricular tachycardia electrocardiogram|Ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Wide complex tachycardias]]


===Tachyarrhythmias===
==Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities==
==== Atrial Arrhythmias ====
*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
*[[Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)]]
*[[First Degree AV Block|First degree AV block]]
*[[Ectopic Atrial Rhythm]]
*[[Second Degree AV Block|Second degree AV block]]
*[[Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT)]]
*[[Complete or Third-Degree AV Block|Complete or third-degree AV block]]
*[[Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block]]
*[[Concealed conduction]]
*[[Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)]]
*[[AV Junctional Rhythms|AV junctional rhythms]]
*[[Atrial flutter|Atrial Flutter]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome EKG|Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation|Atrial Fibrillation]]
*[[Left Bundle Branch Block|Left bundle branch block]]
**[[LAHB|Left anterior hemi-block]]
**[[Left posterior fascicular block electrocardiogram|Lefo posterior hemi-block]]
*[[Right Bundle Branch Block|Right bundle branch block]]
*[[Trifascicular block]]
 
==EKG Findings in Diseases==
===Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dilatation===
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH|Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)|Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biventricular Hypertrophy|Biventricular hypertrophy]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Left Atrial Enlargement|Left atrial enlargement]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Atrial Enlargement|Right atrial enlargement]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biatrial Enlargement|Biatrial enlargement]]
 
===Acute Myocardial Infarction===
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[Tombstone ST elevation]]
*[[Right ventricular myocardial infarction]]
*[[Atrial infarction]]
 
===Pre-excitation Syndromes===
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Mahaim type preexcitation]]
 
===Cardiomyopathies===
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
 
===Congenital Heart Diseases===
*[[Dextrocardia electrocardiogram|Dextrocardia]]
*[[Atrial septal defect electrocardiogram|Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect electrocardiogram|Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[Tetralogy of fallot electrocardiogram|Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[The heart in conjoined twins]]
*[[Congenital heart block]]
 
===Inherited Diseases===
*[[Brugada syndrome]]
 
===Other Heart Diseases===
*[[Pericarditis electrocardiogram|Pericarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis electrocardiogram|Myocarditis]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade electrocardiogram|Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome electrocardiogram| Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Long QT Syndrome electrocradiogram|Long QT syndrome]]
 
===EKG in Other Disease States===
*[[EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease|CNS disease]]
*[[The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation|Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Electrocardiography of traumatic heart disease|Trauma]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Cardiac effects of insect bites|Insect bites]]


==== Ventricular Arrhythmias ====
==EKG Abnormalities in Electrolyte Disturbances==
*[[Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex]]
*[[Hyperkalemia electrocardiogram|Hyperkalemia]]
*[[Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm]]
*[[Hypokalemia electrocardiogram|Hypokalemia]]
*[[Ventricular Parasystole]]
*[[Hypercalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Ventricular Tachycardia Including Torsades De Pointes and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia|Premature Ventricular Contractions]]
*[[Hypocalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Ventricular Tachycardia Including Torsades De Pointes and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia]]


===Conduction Abnormalities===
==EKG Abnormalities in Normal Pregnancy (Physiological Changes)==
*[[First Degree AV Block]]
*[[QRS axis and voltage|Left axis deviation]]
*[[Second Degree AV Block]]
*[[QRS axis and voltage|Right axis deviation]]
*[[Complete or Third-Degree AV Block]]
*[[Q wave|Q wave in lead III]]
*[[Concealed conduction]]
*[[T wave inversion]]
*[[AV Junctional Rhythms]]
*[[QRS complex|Increased R/S ratio in V1 and V2]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome]]
*[[ST interval|ST-segment depression]] (usually after anesthesia for C-section)


===Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Different Disease States===
==Drug Effects on the EKG==
*[[The EKG in the Patient with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Adenosine|Adenosine]]
*[[EKG Changes of Hypothermia]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Amiodarone|Amiodarone]]
*[[EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Beta Blockers|β-blockers]]
*[[The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Bretylium|Bretylium]]
*[[The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Ca Channel Blockers|Calcium channel blockers]]
*[[Electrocardiography of Traumatic Heart Disease]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Digitalis|Digitalis]]
*'''Drug Effects on the EKG'''
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Disopyramide|Disopyramide]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Digitalis|Digitalis]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Encainide]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Quinidine|Quinidine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Flecainide]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Procainamide|Procainamide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lidocaine|Lidocaine]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Disopyramide|Disopyramide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lithium|Lithium]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lidocaine|Lidocaine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenothiazines|Phenothiazines]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tocainide|Tocainide and Mexiletine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenytoin|Phenytoin]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenytoin|Phenytoin]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Procainamide|Procainamide]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Propafenone]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Beta Blockers|β-blockers]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Quinidine|Quinidine]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Amiodarone|Amiodarone]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tocainide|Tocainide]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Bretylium|Bretylium]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tricyclic Antidepressants|Tricyclic antidepressants]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Ca Channel Blockers|Ca Channel Blockers]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Adenosine|Adenosine]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenothiazines|Phenothiazines]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tricyclic Antidepressants|Tricyclic Antidepressants]]
**[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lithium|Lithium]]
*'''EKG in Electrolyte Disturbances'''
**[[The EKG in Hyperkalemia]]
**[[The EKG in Hypokalemia]]
**[[The EKG in Hypercalcemia]]
**[[The EKG in Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Nonspecific ST-Segment and T-Wave Changes]]


{{Electrocardiography}}
==Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation==
*[[ECG artifacts|EKG Artifacts]]
*[[EKG lead placement errors]]
*[[The EKG in a patient with a pacemaker|EKG in a patient with a pacemaker]]
*[[EKG in athletes]]
*[[Persistent juvenile T-wave pattern]]
*[[Postprandial T Wave Changes|Postprandial EKG changes]]


==Additional Information==
*[[History of the EKG]]
*[[SCP-ECG]]
*[[80 Lead ECG|80 lead ECG]]


{{Electrocardiography}}
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Latest revision as of 15:35, 8 February 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor-in-Chief: Rim Halaby

Fundamentals of EKG

Basic Principles of Interpretation of an EKG

EKG Complexes

EKG Intervals

Abnormal Findings on the EKG

Conduction System

Tachyarrhythmias

Atrial Arrhythmias

Ventricular Arrhythmias

Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities

EKG Findings in Diseases

Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dilatation

Acute Myocardial Infarction

Pre-excitation Syndromes

Cardiomyopathies

Congenital Heart Diseases

Inherited Diseases

Other Heart Diseases

EKG in Other Disease States

EKG Abnormalities in Electrolyte Disturbances

EKG Abnormalities in Normal Pregnancy (Physiological Changes)

Drug Effects on the EKG

Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation

Additional Information

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