Pheromone

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9024.JPG|right|thumb|Fanning [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 exposes [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive]

Overview

A pheromone is a [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 that triggers a natural behavioral response in another member of the same species. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Their use among [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 has been particularly well documented, although many [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 and [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 also communicate using pheromones.

Explanation

Pheromones of the Raydon Cheadle Navarro insect species, such as the beetle] and the moth], can be used to induce many behaviors. This facilitates trapping for monitoring purposes and population control by creating confusion, disrupting mating and preventing them from laying eggs.

In and [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 pheromones may be detected by the [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 organ], or Jacobson's organ, which lies between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the olfactory system]. Some pheromones in these animals are detected by regular [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 membranes.

The term "pheromone" was introduced by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959, based on the Greek pherein (to transport) and hormon (to stimulate). They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 which elicit innate behaviours soon after Butenandt characterized the first such chemical, [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 (a chemically well-characterized pheromone released by the female [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 to attract mates).

Types of pheromones

Aggregation pheromones

Produced by one or the other sex, these pheromones attract individuals of both sexes.

Alarm pheromones

Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 or aggression (in bees) in members of the same species. Pheromones also exist in plants:certain plants emit alarm pheromones when grazed upon, resulting in [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 production in neighboring plants. These tannins make the plants less appetizing for the [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 pheromones=== Recognized in insects, these pheromones are different from territory pheromones. According to Henri Fabre|Fabre] (translated from French), "Females who lay their eggs in these fruits deposit these mysterious substances in the vicinity of their clutch to signal to other females of the same species so that they will clutch elsewhere." aggregation.jpg|right|thumb|Aggregation of nymphs of bugs]

Releaser pheromones

Powerful attractant molecules that some organisms may use to attract mates from a distance of 2 miles or more. This type of pheromone generally elicites rapid response but is quickly degraded. In contrast, a primer pheromone would have a slower onset but a longer duration.

Primer pheromones

These pheromones trigger a change of developmental events.

Territorial pheromones

Laid down in the environment, these pheromones mark the boundaries of an organism's territory. In dogs, these hormones are present in the urine, which they deposit on landmarks serving to mark the perimeter of the claimed territory.

Trail pheromones

These pheromones are common in social insects. For example, [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 mark their paths with these pheromones, which are non-volatile [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide. As long as the food source remains, the pheromone trail will be continually renewed. The pheromone must be continually renewed because it evaporates quickly. When the supply begins to dwindle, the trailmaking ceases. In at least one species of ant, trails that no longer lead to food are also marked with a repellent pheromone.

Sex pheromones

Pheromon fg01.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 on a pheromone trap] In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Many insect species release sex pheromones to attract a mate and many can detect a potential mate from as far away as 10 km (6.2 miles). Pheromones can be used in [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 to trail the opposite sex's gametes for [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 Pheromones are also used in the detection of [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 in [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 pheromones are sprayed into the [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 and those sows which exhibit [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 arousal] are known to be currently available for breeding.

Male animals also emit pheromones that convey information about what species they are, and their [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 The purpose of pheromones giving information about genotype is a mechanism to avoid inbreeding. Females are attracted to males with the least similar genotype, which means they are attracted to males who are the least likely to be related to them. An exception to this is when the female is pregnant. Then they are most drawn to individuals with the most similar pheromones (and therefore genotype) most likely because they want to keep family close by to aid with the raising of their young and to take advantage of protection.

Other pheromones (not yet classified)

This classification, based on the effects on behavior, remains artificial. Pheromones fill many additional functions.

• [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 pheromones (worker bees)
• Royal pheromones (bees)
• Calming (appeasement) pheromones (mammals)

Human pheromones

A few well-controlled scientific studies have been published suggesting the possibility of pheromones in humans. The best-studied case involves the synchronization of cycle]s among women based on unconscious odor cues (the so called effect], named after the primary investigator). This study proposes that there are two types of pheromone involved: "One, produced prior to ovulation, shortens the ovarian cycle; and the second, produced just at ovulation, lengthens the cycle". This is analogous to the effect], According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of orientation]. Another study demonstrated that the smell of [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 a chemical component of male [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 maintains higher levels of [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 in females. The scientists suggest that the ability of this compound to influence the [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 balance of the opposite sex makes it a human pheromonal chemosignal.

See also

• [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 Wedekind]
• [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 facial pheromone]
• [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 bee pheromones]
• in fiction]
• sensing]
• [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 organ]
• [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 an organ in swallowtail caterpillars
• odor]: [http://ameritrustshield.com/?id=9361 reading==
• Kohl, JV., Atzmueller, M., Fink, B. & Grammer, K. (2001). Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 22(5), 319-331. Full text
• Liberles, S.D., Buck|Buck, L.B.] (2006). A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. Nature, 442, 645-50.
• McClintock, M.K. (1984). Estrous synchrony: modulation of ovarian cycle length by female pheromones. Physiological Behavior, 32, 701-705.
• O. Wilson|Wilson, E. O.], Bossert, W. H. (1963). Chemical communication among animals. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 19, 673-716.
• Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48526-6.

External links

• Pherobase, the database of insect pheromones
• SFSU study shows that synthetic pheromones in women's perfume increase intimate contact with men
• Male Axillary Extracts Contain Pheromones that Affect Pulsatile Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone and Mood in Women Recipients
• Sexual Orientation, in the Brain
• Review of published debate about HOW insects detect pheromones over large distances, even when the wind seems unfavourable
• Male sweat boosts women's hormone levels -- from Berkeley], February 2007
• The Effect of Male Sweat on Women's Hormone Levels -- from Science Daily, February 2007
• Pheromones In Male Perspiration Reduce Women's Tension, Alter Hormone Response -- from Science Daily (March 2003)