Pancreatic fistula: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
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==Overview== | |||
A '''pancreatic fistula''' is an abnormal communication between the [[pancreas]] and other organs due to leakage of pancreatic secretions from damaged pancreatic ducts. An ''external'' pancreatic fistula is one that communicates with the skin, and is also known as a pancreaticocutaneous fistula, whereas an internal pancreatic fistula communicates with other internal organs or spaces. Pancreatic fistulas can be caused by pancreatic disease, trauma, or surgery. | A '''pancreatic fistula''' is an abnormal communication between the [[pancreas]] and other organs due to leakage of pancreatic secretions from damaged pancreatic ducts. An ''external'' pancreatic fistula is one that communicates with the skin, and is also known as a pancreaticocutaneous fistula, whereas an internal pancreatic fistula communicates with other internal organs or spaces. Pancreatic fistulas can be caused by pancreatic disease, trauma, or surgery. | ||
==External Pancreatic Fistulas== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Internal pancreatic fistulas were first described by Smith (1953), and elaborated upon by Cameron et al (1976). | |||
==Classification== | |||
===External Pancreatic Fistulas=== | |||
An '''external pancreatic fistula''' is an abnormal communication between the [[pancreas]] (actually [[pancreatic duct]]) and the exterior of the body via the abdominal wall. | An '''external pancreatic fistula''' is an abnormal communication between the [[pancreas]] (actually [[pancreatic duct]]) and the exterior of the body via the abdominal wall. | ||
Loss of [[bicarbonate]]-rich pancreatic fluid via a pancreatic [[fistula]] can result in a hyperchloraemic or normal [[anion gap]] [[metabolic acidosis]]. Loss of a small volume of fluid will not cause a problem but an acidosis is common if the volume of pancreatic fluid lost from the body is large. | Loss of [[bicarbonate]]-rich pancreatic fluid via a pancreatic [[fistula]] can result in a hyperchloraemic or normal [[anion gap]] [[metabolic acidosis]]. Loss of a small volume of fluid will not cause a problem but an acidosis is common if the volume of pancreatic fluid lost from the body is large. | ||
==Internal Pancreatic Fistulas== | ===Internal Pancreatic Fistulas=== | ||
'''Internal pancreatic fistulas''' can result in pancreatic ascites, mediastinital pseudocysts, enzymatic mediastinitis, or pancreatic pleural effusions, depending on the flow of pancreatic secretions from a disrupted pancreatic duct or leakage from a pseudocyst (Cameron et al, 1976). | |||
== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Internal pancreatic fistuals are most commonly cause by disruption of the pancreatic duct due to chronic pancreatitis. The chronic pancreatitis is usually alcoholic in origin in adults, and traumatic in origin in children. They may also be caused by leakage from a pancreatic pseudocyst. | Internal pancreatic fistuals are most commonly cause by disruption of the pancreatic duct due to chronic pancreatitis. The chronic pancreatitis is usually alcoholic in origin in adults, and traumatic in origin in children. They may also be caused by leakage from a pancreatic pseudocyst. | ||
Anterior disruption of a pseudocyst or a pancreatic duct leads to leakage of pancreatic secretions into the free peritoneal cavity, leading to '''pancreatic ascites'''. If the duct is disrupted posteriorly, the secretions leak through the retroperitoneum into the mediastinum via the aortic or esophageal hiatus. Once in the mediastinum, the secretions can either be contained in a '''mediastinal pseudocyst''', lead to '''enzymatic mediastinitis''', or, more commonly, leak through the [[pleura]] to enter the chest and form a chronic '''pancreatic [[pleural effusion]]'''. | Anterior disruption of a pseudocyst or a pancreatic duct leads to leakage of pancreatic secretions into the free peritoneal cavity, leading to '''pancreatic ascites'''. If the duct is disrupted posteriorly, the secretions leak through the retroperitoneum into the mediastinum via the aortic or esophageal hiatus. Once in the mediastinum, the secretions can either be contained in a '''mediastinal pseudocyst''', lead to '''enzymatic mediastinitis''', or, more commonly, leak through the [[pleura]] to enter the chest and form a chronic '''pancreatic [[pleural effusion]]'''. | ||
=== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===Symptoms=== | |||
* Marked recent weight loss is a major clinical manifestation | |||
* Unresponsiveness of the ascites to diuretics is an additional diagnostic clue. | |||
===Treatment=== | ===Laboratory Findings=== | ||
* Pleural or ascitic fluid should be sent for analysis. | |||
** An elevated amylase level, usually > 1,000 IU/L, with protein levels over 3.0 g/dL is diagnostic. | |||
* Serum amylase is often elevated as well, due to enzyme diffusion across the peritoneal or pleural surface (Cameron et al, 1976; Lipsett and Cameron, 1992). | |||
===Imaging=== | |||
====CT==== | |||
Contrast-enhanced [[computed tomography]] is used in the diagnosis of pancreatic fistula. | |||
====ERCP==== | |||
[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]] (ERCP) may also assist in diagnosis, and is an essential component of treatment. | |||
==Treatment== | |||
===Medical Therapy=== | |||
The production of pancreatic enzymes is suppressed by restricting the patient's oral intake of food patient in conjunction with the use of long-acting [[somatostatin]] analogues. The patient's nutrition is maintained by [[total parenteral nutrition]]. | The production of pancreatic enzymes is suppressed by restricting the patient's oral intake of food patient in conjunction with the use of long-acting [[somatostatin]] analogues. The patient's nutrition is maintained by [[total parenteral nutrition]]. | ||
This treatment is continued for 2-3 weeks, and the patient is observed for improvement. If no improvement is seen, the patient may be receive endoscopic or surgical treatment. If surgical treatment is followed, an ERCP is needed to identify the site of the leak. | This treatment is continued for 2-3 weeks, and the patient is observed for improvement. | ||
===Surgery=== | |||
If no improvement is seen, the patient may be receive endoscopic or surgical treatment. If surgical treatment is followed, an ERCP is needed to identify the site of the leak. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
* {{cite book | author = Brooks JR | year = 1983 | title = Surgery of the Pancreas | chapter = Pancreatic ascites | editor = Brooks JR | edition = 1st edition | pages = 230-232 | publisher = WB Saunders | location = Philadelphia}} ISBN 0-7216-2082-5 | * {{cite book | author = Brooks JR | year = 1983 | title = Surgery of the Pancreas | chapter = Pancreatic ascites | editor = Brooks JR | edition = 1st edition | pages = 230-232 | publisher = WB Saunders | location = Philadelphia}} ISBN 0-7216-2082-5 | ||
* {{cite journal | author=Cameron JL, Kieffer RS, Anderson WJ, Zuidema GD | title=Internal pancreatic fistulas: pancreatic ascites and pleural effusions | journal=Ann Surg | year=1976 | pages=587-93 | volume=184 | issue=5 | id=PMID 984927}} | * {{cite journal | author=Cameron JL, Kieffer RS, Anderson WJ, Zuidema GD | title=Internal pancreatic fistulas: pancreatic ascites and pleural effusions | journal=Ann Surg | year=1976 | pages=587-93 | volume=184 | issue=5 | id=PMID 984927}} | ||
Revision as of 20:18, 4 September 2012
Overview
| Pancreatic fistula | |
| MeSH | D010185 |
|---|---|
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
A pancreatic fistula is an abnormal communication between the pancreas and other organs due to leakage of pancreatic secretions from damaged pancreatic ducts. An external pancreatic fistula is one that communicates with the skin, and is also known as a pancreaticocutaneous fistula, whereas an internal pancreatic fistula communicates with other internal organs or spaces. Pancreatic fistulas can be caused by pancreatic disease, trauma, or surgery.
Historical Perspective
Internal pancreatic fistulas were first described by Smith (1953), and elaborated upon by Cameron et al (1976).
Classification
External Pancreatic Fistulas
An external pancreatic fistula is an abnormal communication between the pancreas (actually pancreatic duct) and the exterior of the body via the abdominal wall.
Loss of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid via a pancreatic fistula can result in a hyperchloraemic or normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. Loss of a small volume of fluid will not cause a problem but an acidosis is common if the volume of pancreatic fluid lost from the body is large.
Internal Pancreatic Fistulas
Internal pancreatic fistulas can result in pancreatic ascites, mediastinital pseudocysts, enzymatic mediastinitis, or pancreatic pleural effusions, depending on the flow of pancreatic secretions from a disrupted pancreatic duct or leakage from a pseudocyst (Cameron et al, 1976).
Pathophysiology
Internal pancreatic fistuals are most commonly cause by disruption of the pancreatic duct due to chronic pancreatitis. The chronic pancreatitis is usually alcoholic in origin in adults, and traumatic in origin in children. They may also be caused by leakage from a pancreatic pseudocyst.
Anterior disruption of a pseudocyst or a pancreatic duct leads to leakage of pancreatic secretions into the free peritoneal cavity, leading to pancreatic ascites. If the duct is disrupted posteriorly, the secretions leak through the retroperitoneum into the mediastinum via the aortic or esophageal hiatus. Once in the mediastinum, the secretions can either be contained in a mediastinal pseudocyst, lead to enzymatic mediastinitis, or, more commonly, leak through the pleura to enter the chest and form a chronic pancreatic pleural effusion.
Diagnosis
Symptoms
- Marked recent weight loss is a major clinical manifestation
- Unresponsiveness of the ascites to diuretics is an additional diagnostic clue.
Laboratory Findings
- Pleural or ascitic fluid should be sent for analysis.
- An elevated amylase level, usually > 1,000 IU/L, with protein levels over 3.0 g/dL is diagnostic.
- Serum amylase is often elevated as well, due to enzyme diffusion across the peritoneal or pleural surface (Cameron et al, 1976; Lipsett and Cameron, 1992).
Imaging
CT
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is used in the diagnosis of pancreatic fistula.
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may also assist in diagnosis, and is an essential component of treatment.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
The production of pancreatic enzymes is suppressed by restricting the patient's oral intake of food patient in conjunction with the use of long-acting somatostatin analogues. The patient's nutrition is maintained by total parenteral nutrition. This treatment is continued for 2-3 weeks, and the patient is observed for improvement.
Surgery
If no improvement is seen, the patient may be receive endoscopic or surgical treatment. If surgical treatment is followed, an ERCP is needed to identify the site of the leak.
References
- Brooks JR (1983). "Pancreatic ascites". In Brooks JR. Surgery of the Pancreas (1st edition ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders. pp. 230–232. ISBN 0-7216-2082-5
- Cameron JL, Kieffer RS, Anderson WJ, Zuidema GD (1976). "Internal pancreatic fistulas: pancreatic ascites and pleural effusions". Ann Surg. 184 (5): 587–93. PMID 984927.
- Dugernier T, Laterre PF, Reynaert MS (2000). "Ascites fluid in severe acute pancreatitis: from pathophysiology to therapy". Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 63 (3): 264–8. PMID 11189983.
- Iacono C, Procacci C, Frigo F, Andreis IA, Cesaro G, Caia S, Bassi C, Pederzoli P, Serio G, Dagradi A (1989). "Thoracic complications of pancreatitis". Pancreas. 4 (2): 228–36. PMID 2755944.
- Kaman L, Behera A, Singh R, Katariya RN (2001). "Internal pancreatic fistulas with pancreatic ascites and pancreatic pleural effusions: recognition and management". ANZ J Surg. 71 (4): 221–5. PMID 11355730.
- Lipsett PA, Cameron JL (1992). "Internal pancreatic fistula". Am J Surg. 163 (2): 216–20. PMID 1739176.
- Smith EB (1953). "Hemorrhagic ascites and hemothorax associated with benign pancreatic disease". AMA Arch Surg. 67 (1): 52–6. PMID 13064942.
- Takeo C, Myojo S (2000). "Marked effect of octreotide acetate in a case of pancreatic pleural effusion". Curr Med Res Opin. 16 (3): 171–7. PMID 11191006.