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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{Oliguria}} | | {{Template:Oliguria}} |
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| '''For patient information page click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
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| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} |
| | <br><br>'''To view a comprehensive algorithm of common findings of urine composition and urine output, click [[Urine#Algorithm of Common Urinary Findings|here]]'''<br> |
| | ==[[Oliguria overview|Overview]]== |
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| {{SK}} Decreased urine output; reduced urine output
| | ==[[Oliguria historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| ==Overview== | |
| '''Oliguria''' and '''anuria''' are the decreased or absent production of [[urine]], respectively.
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| Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children, and less than 400 mL/day (equals 17mL/hour) in adults.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Klahr S, Miller S | title = Acute oliguria. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 338 | issue = 10 | pages = 671-5 | year = 1998 | id = PMID 9486997}} [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/10/671 Free Full Text].</ref>
| | ==[[Oliguria classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==Causes== | | ==[[Oliguria pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ==[[Oliguria causes|Causes]]== |
| *[[ACE inhibitors]]
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| *[[Acute renal failure]]
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| *[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
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| *[[Aminoglycosides]]
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| *[[Analgesic nephropathy]]
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| *[[Capillary leak]]
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| *[[Dehydration]]
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| *[[Diarrhoea]]
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| *[[Diuretics]]
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| *[[Interstitial nephritis]]
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| *[[Massive bleeding]]
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| *[[Nephritic syndrome]]
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| *[[Nephrolithiasis]]
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| *[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
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| *[[Neurogenic bladder]]
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| *[[NSAIDs]]
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| *[[Posterior urethral valves]]
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| *[[Postpartum bleeding]]
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| *[[Prostate enlargement]]
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| *[[Renal artery thrombosis]]
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| *[[Sepsis]]
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| *[[SIADH]]
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| *[[Third space losses]]
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| *[[Urethral trauma]]
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| ===Causes by Organ System=== | | ==[[Oliguria differential diagnosis|Differentiating Oliguria from other Diseases]]== |
| {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Accelerated hypertension]], [[Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]], [[Aneurysmal rupture]], [[Aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]], [[Atheroemboli]], [[Bleeding]], [[Bradyarrhythmias ]], [[Capillary leak]], [[Cardiogenic shock]], [[Cholesterol embolism]], [[Complete heart block]], [[Congenital heart disease]], [[Dilated cardiomyopathies]], [[Heart failure]], [[Heat stroke]], [[Hypovolemic shock]], [[Malignant hypertension]], [[myocardial depression ]], [[myocardial shock]], [[Myocardial stunning ]], [[pericardial tamponade, ]], [[Preclampsia]], [[Renal artery stenosis]], [[severe constrictive pericarditis ]], [[Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]], [[vasculitis ]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Camphor]], [[Carbon-monoxide]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]], [[Erythroderma]], [[Sweating]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]], [[Amatoxins]], [[Aminoglycosides]], [[Amphotericin B]], [[Analgesic nephropathy]], [[Anthracyclines]], [[Arsenic trioxide]], [[Bacitracin]], [[Bendamustine]], [[Bleomycin]], [[Capecitabine]], [[Capreomycin]], [[Carbon tetrachloride]], [[Carboplatin]], [[Carmustine]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Cisplatin]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Cyclosporine]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Deferasirox]], [[Etoposide]], [[Exenatide]], [[Fluconazole]], [[Fludarabine and cladribine]], [[Gallium nitrate]], [[Gemcitabine]], [[Gyromitrin]], [[Hetastarch ]], [[Hydroxyurea]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Intravenous immune globulin]], [[Irinotecan]], [[Lenalidomide]], [[Lomustine]], [[Malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]], [[Mannitol]], [[Melphalan]], [[Methotrexate]], [[Micafungin]], [[Mithramycin]], [[Nitrosourea compounds]], [[NSAIDs ]], [[Orellanine]], [[Oxaliplatin]], [[Para-amino salicylic acid]], [[Pemetrexed]], [[Pentamidine]], [[Pentostatin]], [[Polymyxin B]], [[Rifampicin]], [[Sulphinpyrazone]], [[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]], [[Synthetic cannabinoids ]], [[Tacrolimus]], [[Taxanes]], [[Telavancin]], [[Temozolomide]], [[Tenofovir]], [[Topotecan]], [[Valacyclovir]], [[Vancomycin]], [[Vinca alkaloids]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute pancreatitis]], [[Addisonian crisis]], [[Diabetic nephropathy]], [[Hypercalciuria]], [[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]], [[hypoaldosteronism]], [[Myxedema coma]], [[SIADH]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]], [[Heat stroke]], [[Insect bites]], [[Snake bite (Viperidae)]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bowel strangulation]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Hemorrhagic pancreatitis]], [[Hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[Hepatorenal syndrome]], [[Intestinal obstruction, ]], [[Intususception of intestine]], [[Acute Pancreatitis]], [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]], [[Third-space sequestration]], [[Upper or Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prune belly syndrome]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[Transient renal dysfunction of the newborn]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[Expanding hematoma]], [[Mismatched blood transfusion]], [[Myoglobinuria]], [[Polycythemia]], [[Porphyria]], [[Renal artery thrombosis]], [[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[transfusion reactions]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diarrhea]], [[external drainage]], [[Malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]], [[Mismatched blood transfusion]], [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], [[Radiotherapy]], [[sweating]], [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]], [[Vomiting]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diphtheria]], [[Dobrava-Belgrade Virus]], [[Endometriosis]], [[Endotoxic shock]], [[Enteritis]], [[Epidemic dropsy]], [[Hantavirus]], [[Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]], [[Lassa fever]], [[Leptospirosis]], [[Malignant malaria]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[Neisseria gonorrhoea]], [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[Schistosoma haematobium]], [[septic shock ]], [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]], [[Toxic shock syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Rhabdomyolysis]], [[Cervical spine injury]], [[Spinal cord compression]], [[Crush syndrome]], [[fractures]], [[Massive bleeding]], [[Multiple traumatic injuries]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical spine injury]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[Myelomatosis]], [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]], [[Prolonged convulsions]], [[Spinal cord compression]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[Bulimia]], [[Cholesterol embolism]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoma of the uterine cervix]], [[Cervical cancer]], [[Endometriosis]], [[Hydrometrocolpos]], [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], [[Perinatal asphyxia]], [[Postpartum bleeding]], [[Preclampsia]], [[Toxemia of pregnancy (type of Toxemia)]], [[Twin twin transfusion]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]], [[Bladder cancer]], [[Leukaemia]], [[Pelvic tumor]], [[Prostate cancer]], [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crush syndrome]], [[Drug overdose]], [[heavy metal poisoning ]], [[Heme pigments ]], [[Myoglobinuria]], [[Porphyria]], [[Radiocontrast media ]], [[Rhabdomyolysis]], [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bulimia]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alport syndrome]], [[Massive pulmonary embolism,]], [[Respiratory distress syndrome]], [[Respiratory losses ]], [[Severe pulmonary hypertension]], [[Tension pneumothorax]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cortical necrosis]], [[Acute glomerulonephritis]], [[Acute interstitial nephritis]], [[Acute on chronic renal failure ]], [[Acute pyelonephritis]], [[Acute renal failure]], [[Acute tubular necrosis]], [[Addisonian crisis]], [[Alport syndrome]], [[Analgesic nephropathy]], [[Bilateral renal vein occlusion]], [[Burns]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[End stage kidney disease]], [[Glomerulonephritis ]], [[Hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[Hepatorenal syndrome]], [[Hydronephrosis]], [[hypoaldosteronism]], [[Interstitial nephritis]], [[Intrinsic glomerular disease]], [[Nephritic syndrome]], [[Nephrocalcinosis ]], [[Nephrolithiasis]], [[Nephrotic syndrome]], [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[Prerenal failure]], [[Renal insufficiency]], [[Renal papillary necrosis]], [[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[salt-wasting nephropathies ]], [[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]], [[Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome]], [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]], [[Mismatched blood transfusion]], [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosis]], [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]], [[transfusion reactions]], [[Transplant rejection]], [[vasculitis ]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]], [[Hydrometrocolpos]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute blood loss]], [[Cervical spine injury]], [[Crush syndrome]], [[fractures]], [[Massive bleeding]], [[Multiple traumatic injuries]], [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]], [[Ruptured hematoma]], [[Shock]], [[Upper or Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]], [[Bladder cancer]], [[Bladder outlet obstruction]], [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Kidney stone]], [[Nephrotic syndrome]], [[Obstruction of the urinary tract]], [[Pelvic tumor]], [[Prostate cancer]], [[Schistosoma haematobium]], [[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]], [[Ureterocele]], [[Urethral catheterization]], [[Urethral stricture]], [[Urethral trauma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Puerperal shock]], [[Radiotherapy]], [[Surgery complication]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ==[[Oliguria epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| {{col-begin|width=85%}}
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Aneurysmal rupture]]
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| *[[Accelerated hypertension]]
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| *[[ACE inhibitors]]
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| *[[Acute blood loss]]
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| *[[Acute cortical necrosis]]
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| *[[Acute glomerulonephritis]]
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| *[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]
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| *[[Acute on chronic renal failure ]]
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| *[[Acute pancreatitis]]
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| *[[Acute pyelonephritis]]
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| *[[Acute renal failure]]
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| *[[Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]]
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| *[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
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| *[[Addisonian crisis]]
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| *[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
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| *[[Alport syndrome]]
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| *[[Amatoxins]]
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| *[[Aminoglycosides]]
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| *[[Amphotericin B]]
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| *[[Analgesic nephropathy]]
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| *[[Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]]
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| *[[Anthracyclines]]
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| *[[Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome]]
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| *[[Aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]]
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| *[[Arsenic trioxide]]
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| *[[Atheroemboli]]
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| *[[Bacitracin]]
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| *[[Bendamustine]]
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| *[[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]]
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| *[[Bilateral renal vein occlusion]]
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| *[[Bladder cancer]]
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| *[[Bladder outlet obstruction]]
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| *[[Bleeding]]
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| *[[Bleomycin]]
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| *[[Blood transfusion and complications]]
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| *[[Bowel strangulation]]
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| *[[Bradyarrhythmias ]]
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| *[[Bulimia]]
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| *[[Burns]]
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| *[[Camphor]]
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| *[[Campylobacter infection]]
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| *[[Capecitabine]]
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| *[[Capillary leak]]
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| *[[Capreomycin]]
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| *[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
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| *[[Carbon-monoxide poisoning (type of Poisoning)]]
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| *[[Carboplatin]]
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| *[[Carcinoma of the uterine cervix]]
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| *[[Cardiogenic shock]]
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| *[[Carmustine]]
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| *[[Cervical cancer]]
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| *[[Cervical spine injury]]
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| *[[Cholesterol embolism]]
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| *[[Chronic renal failure]]
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| *[[Cidofovir]]
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| *[[Cirrhosis]]
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| *[[Cisplatin]]
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| *[[Clostridium tetani]]
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| *[[Colorectal cancer]]
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| *[[Complete heart block]]
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| *[[Congenital heart disease]]
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| *[[Crush syndrome]]
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| *[[Cyclophosphamide]]
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| *[[Cyclosporine]]
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| *[[Cytarabine]]
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| *[[Dalmatian hypouricemia]]
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| *[[Decompression sickness]]
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| *[[Deferasirox]]
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| *[[Dehyrdration]]
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| *[[Diabetes]]
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| *[[Diarrhea]]
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| *[[Dilated cardiomyopathies]]
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| *[[Diphtheria]]
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| *[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
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| *[[Diuretics]]
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| *[[Dobrava-Belgrade Virus]]
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| *[[Drug overdose]]
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| *[[Eclampsia]]
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| *[[End stage kidney disease]]
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| *[[Endometriosis]]
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| *[[Endotoxic shock]]
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| *[[Enteritis]]
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| *[[Epidemic dropsy]]
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| *[[Eribulin]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Erythroderma]]
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| *[[Ethylene glycol]]
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| *[[Etoposide]]
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| *[[Exenatide]]
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| *[[Expanding hematoma]]
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| *[[External drainage]]
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| *[[Fluconazole]]
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| *[[Fludarabine and cladribine]]
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| *[[Foscarnet]]
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| *[[Fractures]]
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| *[[Gallium nitrate]]
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| *[[Gemcitabine]]
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| *[[Glomerulonephritis ]]
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| *[[Gyromitrin]]
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| *[[Hantavirus]]
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| *[[Heart failure]]
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| *[[Heat stroke]]
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| *[[Heavy metal poisoning ]]
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| *[[Heme pigments ]]
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| *[[Hemorrhagic pancreatitis]]
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| *[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]]
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| *[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]
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| *[[Hetastarch ]]
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| *[[Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]]
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| *[[Hydrometrocolpos]]
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| *[[Hydronephrosis]]
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| *[[Hydroxyurea]]
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| *[[Hypercalciuria]]
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| *[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
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| *[[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
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| *[[Hyperuricemia]]
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| *[[Hypoaldosteronism]]
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| *[[Hypovolemic shock]]
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| *[[Ifosfamide]]
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| *[[Impaired renal function]]
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| *[[Insect bites]]
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| *[[Interstitial nephritis]]
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| *[[Intestinal obstruction, ]]
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| *[[Intravenous immune globulin]]
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| *[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Intrinsic glomerular disease]]
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| *[[Intususception of intestine]]
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| *[[Irinotecan]]
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| *[[Kidney stone]]
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| *[[Lassa fever]]
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| *[[Lenalidomide]]
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| *[[Leptospirosis]]
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| *[[Leukaemia]]
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| *[[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]]
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| *[[Lomustine]]
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| *[[Malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]]
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| *[[Malignant hypertension]]
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| *[[Malignant malaria]]
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| *[[Mannitol]]
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| *[[Marathon running]]
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| *[[Massive bleeding]]
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| *[[Massive pulmonary embolism,]]
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| *[[Melphalan]]
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| *[[Methotrexate]]
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| *[[Micafungin]]
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| *[[Mismatched blood transfusion]]
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| *[[Mithramycin]]
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| *[[Mitomycin C]]
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| *[[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]]
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| *[[multiple traumatic injuries]]
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| *[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
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| *[[Myelomatosis]]
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| *[[myocardial depression ]]
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| *[[myocardial shock]]
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| *[[Myoglobinuria]]
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| *[[Myxedema coma]]
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| *[[Neisseria gonorrhoea]]
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| *[[Nephritic syndrome]]
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| *[[Nephrocalcinosis ]]
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| *[[Nephrolithiasis]]
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| *[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
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| *[[Nephrotoxic agents]]
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| *[[Neurogenic bladder]]
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| *[[Neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]]
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| *[[Nitrosourea compounds]]
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| *[[NSAIDs ]]
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| *[[Obstruction of the urinary tract]]
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| *[[Orellanine]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
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| *[[Oxaliplatin]]
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| *[[Pancreatitis, acute]]
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| *[[Para-amino salicylic acid]]
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| *[[Pelvic tumor]]
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| *[[Pemetrexed]]
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| *[[Pentamidine]]
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| *[[Pentostatin]]
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| *[[Pericardial tamponade, ]]
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| *[[Perinatal asphyxia]]
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| *[[Poisons]]
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| *[[Polycythemia]]
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| *[[Polymyxin B]]
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| *[[Porphyria]]
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| *[[Postpartum bleeding]]
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| *[[Post-resuscitation syndrome]]
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| *[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]
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| *[[Preclampsia]]
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| *[[Prerenal failure]]
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| *[[Prolonged convulsions]]
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| *[[Prostate cancer]]
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| *[[Prune belly syndrome]]
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| *[[Puerperal shock]]
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| *[[Radiocontrast media ]]
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| *[[Radiotherapy]]
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| *[[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]]
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| *[[Renal artery stenosis]]
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| *[[Renal artery thrombosis]]
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| *[[Renal insufficiency]]
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| *[[Renal papillary necrosis]]
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| *[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
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| *[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
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| *[[Respiratory losses ]]
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| *[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
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| *[[Rhabdomyolysis]]
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| *[[Rifampicin]]
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| *[[Ruptured hematoma]]
| |
| *[[Salt-wasting nephropathies ]]
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| *[[Schistosoma haematobium]]
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| *[[Septic shock ]]
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| *[[Severe constrictive pericarditis ]]
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| *[[Severe hypoperfusion]]
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| *[[Severe pulmonary hypertension]]
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| *[[Shock]]
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| *[[SIADH]]
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| *[[SLE]]
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| *[[Snake bite (Viperidae)]]
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| *[[Spinal cord compression]]
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| *[[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complications]]
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| *[[Myocardial stunning ]]
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| *[[Sulphinpyrazone]]
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| *[[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]]
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| *[[Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]]
| |
| *[[Surgery complication]]
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| *[[Sweating]]
| |
| *[[Synthetic cannabinoids ]]
| |
| *[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Tacrolimus]]
| |
| *[[Taxanes]]
| |
| *[[Telavancin]]
| |
| *[[Temozolomide]]
| |
| *[[Tenofovir]]
| |
| *[[Tension pneumothorax]]
| |
| *[[Third-space sequestration]]
| |
| *[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
| |
| *[[Topotecan]]
| |
| *[[Toxemia of pregnancy (type of Toxemia)]]
| |
| *[[Toxic shock syndrome]]
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| *[[Transfusion reactions]]
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| *[[Transient renal dysfunction of the newborn]]
| |
| *[[Transplant rejection]]
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| *[[Trauma]]
| |
| *[[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
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| *[[Twin twin transfusion]]
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| *[[Upper or Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
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| *[[Ureterocele]]
| |
| *[[Urethral catheterization]]
| |
| *[[Urethral stricture]]
| |
| *[[Urethral trauma]]
| |
| *[[Valacyclovir]]
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| *[[Vancomycin]]
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| *[[Vasculitis ]]
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| *[[Vinca alkaloids]]
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| *[[Vomiting]]
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| {{col-end}}
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| | ==[[Oliguria risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| | | ==[[Oliguria natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| The mechanisms causing oliguria can be divided into several categories:
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| ===Prerenal=== | |
| In response to [[hypoperfusion]] of the kidney (e.g. as a result of [[dehydration]] by poor oral intake, [[diarrhea]], massive [[bleeding]] or [[sepsis]])
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| ===Renal===
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| Due to kidney damage (severe [[hypoperfusion]], [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[medication]])
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| ===Postrenal===
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| As a consequence of obstruction of the urine flow (e.g. [[enlarged prostate]], tumor compression urinary outflow, expanding [[hematoma]] or fluid collection)
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| The decreased production of urine may be a sign of [[dehydration]], [[renal failure]] or [[urinary obstruction]]/[[urinary retention]].
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| ===Postoperative Oliguria===
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| Patients usually have a decrease in urine output after a major operation that may be a normal physiological response to:
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| * Fluid/blood loss – decreased glomerular filtration rate secondary to [[hypovolemia]] and/or [[hypotension]]
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| * Response of adrenal cortex to stress -increase in [[aldosterone]] (Na and water retention) and [[antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH) release
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| ===Oliguria in Infants===
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| Oliguria, when defined as less than 1 mL/kg/h, in [[infant]]s is not considered to be a reliable sign of renal failure.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Arant B | title = Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life. | journal = Pediatr Nephrol | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 308-13 | year = 1987 | id = PMID 3153294}}</ref>==Risk Factors==
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| Patients having any of the conditions mentioned in the causes are at risk of oliguria.
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| ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
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| Although a significant decrease in urine output may indicate a serious, even life-threatening condition, adequate urine output can be restored with prompt medical treatment.
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| ===History and Symptoms===
| | [[Oliguria history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Oliguria physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Oliguria laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Oliguria CT|CT]] | [[Oliguria other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Oliguria other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| History of
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| * Time pattern
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| **When did this begin?
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| **Did it occur suddenly?
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| **Has it rapidly become worse?
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| * Quality
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| **How much does the patient drink each day?
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| **Does drinking more increase the daily urine output?
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| **How much urine does the patient produce each day?
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| **What color is the [[urine]]?
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| * Aggravating factors
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| **Has there been fever?
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| **Has there been [[diarrhea]]?
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| **Has there been [[vomiting]]? With or without [[nausea]]?
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| **Is thirst decreased?
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| **What other symptoms does the patient have?
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| * Other
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| **What medications does the patient take?
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| **Does the patient have any [[allergies]]?
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| **Does the patient have access to adequate fluids?
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| * Medical history
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| **Has the patient had any recent injuries such as [[burns]]?
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| **Has the patient been sick?
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| **Does the patient have a history of a problem with the [[kidney]]s or [[bladder]]?
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| ===Laboratory Findings===
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| * Blood studies to monitor [[electrolyte]]s and kidney function.
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| * Urine tests, including tests for [[infection]].
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| ===Medical Therapy===
| | [[Oliguria medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Oliguria surgery|Surgery]] | [[Oliguria primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Oliguria secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Oliguria cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Oliguria future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| It mainly depends on the cause:
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| ====Home Care====
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| The patient should follow prescribed fluid regimens and measure urine output as directed.
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| ===Primary Prevention=== | | ==Case Studies== |
| Prevention depends on the underlying cause.
| | [[Oliguria case study one|Case#1]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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