Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) advantages
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Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [1]Phone: 617-849-2629; Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, Single incision laparoscopic surgery, Minimally invasive surgery, Transanal endoscopic microsurgery, Natural orifice surgery consortium for assessment and research, Society of american gastrointestinal and endoscopic surgeons.
Overview
NOTES has the potential ability to revolutionize minimally invasive surgery by eliminating unnecessary body incisions. Research supports the usage of NOTES as a substitute to more invasive approaches.
Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) Advantages
Proponents and researchers have recognized the potential ability of the NOTES field to revolutionize minimally invasive surgery by eliminating the body incisions. NOTES could be the next major paradigm shift in surgery, just as laparoscopy was the major paradigm shift during the 1980s and 1990s. Potential advantages of NOTES include [1]:
- There is a noted faster recovery period [2] and shorter hospital stay in NOTES than laparoscopy or laparotomy procedures [3]. If the NOTES procedure has not been complicated, the patient is usually discharged 1-2 days after surgery.
- There is less physiologic insult in NOTES procedures than laparoscopy or laparotomy procedures [3]. There are some ongoing laboratory studies which are trying to reveal and compare the cytokine levels between NOTES procedures and laparoscopy or laparotomy procedures. In an animal study it was reported that the circulating levels of cytokines (IL1, IL6, and TNF-alpha) are similar in NOTES and other approaches immediately after the surgery. However, in the later postoperative period, the levels of the cytokines was lower in NOTES procedures compared with the open or laparoscopic approaches [4].
- NOTES can avoid and minimize the potential complications of wound infections. Wound infection is a common surgical complication, with a reported incidence ranging between 2% to 25%, depending on the type of surgery [5][6]. Eliminating all skin incisions would eliminate the adverse impact of wound infection on the health care costs and patients' recovery [7].
- NOTES decreases the incidence of incisional hernias and postoperative adhesions [8]. The rates of small intestinal obstruction after a laparoscopic surgery are lower than the rates after an open surgery and will perhaps be further less with NOTES procedure [9].
- Moving the equipment to the patient via portable NOTES instruments may avoid transporting the patient to the operating room. Thus, some NOTES procedures may even be suited for an intensive care unit.
- Anesthesia requirements in NOTES are relatively less than other types of surgery [8]. Some NOTES procedures could be performed under conscious sedation.
- Theoretically, NOTES causes less immunosuppression for the patient than other surgical approaches [10].
- Postoperative pulmonary and diaphragmatic function are better in NOTES procedures [11].
- Better cosmetic results with the potential for scarless abdominal surgery even when peritoneal intervention is required [12].
- NOTES may have an advantages in specific subpopulations. It can be performed in morbidly obese patients, in whom traditional access to the peritoneal cavity can be difficult because of abdominal wall thickness, thus an easy alternative in these patients.
- Theoretically, patients may prefer NOTES procedure over laparoscopic procedure based upon the assumption that it is scarless and less painful. Studies and surveys demonstrated that patients prefer NOTES if it is safe and effective [13].
- In NOTES procedures, there is no need for single large incision through which the resected organ could be extracted. This is one of the advantages of NOTES over single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) [8].
- Patients usually do not need post-operative narcotic medications (analgesia). This may be due to the minimal trauma for the muscle fibers, nerves and skin by this kind of surgery [14].
References
- ↑ Swain P (2007). "A justification for NOTES--natural orifice translumenal endosurgery". Gastrointest. Endosc. 65 (3): 514–6. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.11.034. PMID 17321258. Retrieved 2012-02-23. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Hardy KJ, Miller H, Fletcher DR, Jones RM, Shulkes A, McNeil JJ (1994). "An evaluation of laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy". Med. J. Aust. 160 (2): 58–62. PMID 8309369. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Karayiannakis AJ, Makri GG, Mantzioka A, Karousos D, Karatzas G (1997). "Systemic stress response after laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy: a randomized trial". Br J Surg. 84 (4): 467–71. PMID 9112894. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ McGee MF, Schomisch SJ, Marks JM, Delaney CP, Jin J, Williams C, Chak A, Matteson DT, Andrews J, Ponsky JL (2008). "Late phase TNF-alpha depression in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) peritoneoscopy". Surgery. 143 (3): 318–28. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2007.09.032. PMID 18291252. Retrieved 2012-02-23. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Bratzler DW, Houck PM (2004). "Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project". Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (12): 1706–15. doi:10.1086/421095. PMID 15227616. Retrieved 2012-03-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ DiPiro JT, Martindale RG, Bakst A, Vacani PF, Watson P, Miller MT (1998). "Infection in surgical patients: effects on mortality, hospitalization, and postdischarge care". Am J Health Syst Pharm. 55 (8): 777–81. PMID 9568240. Retrieved 2012-03-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kirkland KB, Briggs JP, Trivette SL, Wilkinson WE, Sexton DJ. The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999 Nov;20(11):725–30
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 McGee MF, Rosen MJ, Marks J, Onders RP, Chak A, Faulx A, Chen VK, Ponsky J (2006). "A primer on natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: building a new paradigm". Surg Innov. 13 (2): 86–93. doi:10.1177/1553350606290529. PMID 17012148. Retrieved 2012-03-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Duepree HJ, Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Fazio VW. Does means of access affect the incidence of small bowel obstruction and ventral hernia after bowel resection? Laparoscopy versus laparotomy. J Am Coll Surg 2003 Aug;197(2):177–81
- ↑ Burpee SE, Kurian M, Murakame Y, Benevides S, Gagner M (2002). "The metabolic and immune response to laparoscopic versus open liver resection". Surg Endosc. 16 (6): 899–904. doi:10.1007/s00464-001-8122-x. PMID 12163951. Retrieved 2012-03-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Hasukić S, Mesić D, Dizdarević E, Keser D, Hadziselimović S, Bazardzanović M (2002). "Pulmonary function after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy". Surg Endosc. 16 (1): 163–5. doi:10.1007/s00464-001-0060-0. PMID 11961630. Retrieved 2012-03-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Invisible mending. The Economist. June 8, 2006:14
- ↑ Varadarajulu S, Tamhane A, Drelichman ER (2008). "Patient perception of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery as a technique for cholecystectomy". Gastrointest. Endosc. 67 (6): 854–60. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2007.09.053. PMID 18355816. Retrieved 2012-02-23. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Bracco G, Bracco G (1989). "[Surgical stress and anesthetic protection]". Minerva Ginecol (in Italian). 41 (9): 451–3. PMID 2695868. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help)