Menopause risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]
Overview
There are several factors that accelerate menopause onset. Common risk factors include women's age, age at menarche, age at gestation, number of pregnancies, oral contraceptives, irregular menses, unilateral oophorectomy, body mass index, smoking, tobacco, and alcohol, high physical activity, high serum lead levels, high intake of fat.
Common Risk Factors
There are several factors affecting the age of menopause onset include:[1]
- Women’s age at onset menopause
- The age of women at menarche: Women who had early age at menarche, are more prone able for early menopause.[2]
- Age at gestation.
- A number of pregnancies. multipara women less prone able for early menopause than nullipara women.
- Oral contraceptives.[3]
- Irregular menses.[4]
- Unilateral oophorectomy.[5]
- Body mass index.[6]
- Smoking, tobacco, and alcohol.[7][8]
- High physical activity.[9]
- high consumption of polyunsaturated fat.[10]
- High serum lead levels.[11]
References
- ↑ Ceylan B, Özerdoğan N (2015). "Factors affecting age of onset of menopause and determination of quality of life in menopause". Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 12 (1): 43–49. doi:10.4274/tjod.79836. PMC 5558404. PMID 28913040.
- ↑ Forman MR, Mangini LD, Thelus-Jean R, Hayward MD (2013). "Life-course origins of the ages at menarche and menopause". Adolesc Health Med Ther. 4: 1–21. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S15946. PMC 3912848. PMID 24600293.
- ↑ de Vries E, den Tonkelaar I, van Noord PA, van der Schouw YT, te Velde ER, Peeters PH (2001). "Oral contraceptive use in relation to age at menopause in the DOM cohort". Hum Reprod. 16 (8): 1657–62. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.8.1657. PMID 11473959.
- ↑ Bae J, Park S, Kwon JW (2018). "Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause". BMC Womens Health. 18 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x. PMC 5801702. PMID 29409520.
- ↑ Bjelland EK, Wilkosz P, Tanbo TG, Eskild A (2014). "Is unilateral oophorectomy associated with age at menopause? A population study (the HUNT2 Survey)". Hum Reprod. 29 (4): 835–41. doi:10.1093/humrep/deu026. PMID 24549218.
- ↑ Morris DH, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, McFadden E, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ (2012). "Body mass index, exercise, and other lifestyle factors in relation to age at natural menopause: analyses from the breakthrough generations study". Am J Epidemiol. 175 (10): 998–1005. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr447. PMID 22494951.
- ↑ Mikkelsen TF, Graff-Iversen S, Sundby J, Bjertness E (2007). "Early menopause, association with tobacco smoking, coffee consumption and other lifestyle factors: a cross-sectional study". BMC Public Health. 7: 149. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-149. PMC 1937001. PMID 17617919.
- ↑ Taneri PE, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Bramer WM, Daan NM, Franco OH, Muka T (2016). "Association of alcohol consumption with the onset of natural menopause: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Hum Reprod Update. 22 (4): 516–28. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw013. PMID 27278232.
- ↑ Gudmundsdottir SL, Flanders WD, Augestad LB (2013). "Physical activity and age at menopause: the Nord-Trøndelag population-based health study". Climacteric. 16 (1): 78–87. doi:10.3109/13697137.2011.646344. PMID 22339441.
- ↑ Nagata C, Wada K, Nakamura K, Tamai Y, Tsuji M, Shimizu H (2012). "Associations of physical activity and diet with the onset of menopause in Japanese women". Menopause. 19 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3182243737. PMID 21926924.
- ↑ Eum KD, Weisskopf MG, Nie LH, Hu H, Korrick SA (2014). "Cumulative lead exposure and age at menopause in the Nurses' Health Study cohort". Environ Health Perspect. 122 (3): 229–34. doi:10.1289/ehp.1206399. PMC 3948024. PMID 24398113.