Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma: Difference between revisions

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===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
*Mucous membrane bleeding (oronasal).
*Sometimes, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) isn’t causing any symptoms when it’s first found. Instead, it’s found when the person has blood tests done for some other reason. WM found this way is sometimes called asymptomatic or smoldering WM.
*Fatigue
*Hyperviscosity Syndrome:
*Weakness.
          The lymphoma cells make varying amounts of a protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM, or macroglobulin). Higher amounts of this protein than normal in blood tends to make it thick leading to hyperviscosity syndrome (when blood becomes thick, it is harder for blood to flow through small blood vessels), and when this occurs, the condition is termed as Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. This excess amount of IgM antibodies can be ultimately associated with circulatory problems leading to less blood flow to the brain, the eyes or other organs, which may cause any of the following:
*The lymphoma cells make varying amounts of a protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM, or macroglobulin). Higher amounts of this protein than normal in blood tends to make it thick leading to hyperviscosity syndrome (when blood becomes thick, it is harder for blood to flow through small blood vessels), and when this occurs, the condition is termed as Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. This excess amount of IgM antibodies can be ultimately associated with circulatory problems leading to less blood flow to the brain, the eyes or other organs, which may cause any of the following:
**Symptoms resembling those of stroke.
**Dizziness.
**Dizziness.
**Headache.
**Headache.
Line 312: Line 312:
**Muscle weakness.
**Muscle weakness.
**Confusion.
**Confusion.
**Anemia (IgM binds to RBCs).
*Amyloidosis (due to IgM deposits in kidney and heart tissues lwading to problems with these organs).
**Kidney disease (IgM deposits in kidney tissues).
*Cryoglobulinemia and vasculitis (inflammation of small blood vessels occurs when IgM antibody forms immune complexes with cold exposure (called cryoglobulin) in cooler parts of body like tip of nose, ears, fingers and toes. This leads to pain and other problems in these body parts upon exposure to cold temperature).
**Cryoglobulinemia and vasculitis (inflammation of small blood vessels occurs when IgM antibody forms immune complexes with cold exposure).
*Not all people with WM develop hyperviscosity, cryoglobulins, or amyloidosis.
**Congestive heart failure.
===Common symptoms of WM===
*Most people with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma do not have B symptoms (unexplained fever, drenching night sweats and unexplained weight loss).
*Mucous membrane bleeding (oronasal).
*Fatigue
*Weakness (due to anemia associated with IgM binding to RBCs).
*Loss of appetite.
*B symptoms as seen in other types of NHL:
**Unexplained fever.
**Drenching night sweats.
**Unexplained weight loss.
**Enlarged lymph nodes.
*Numbness and tingling (painful pins and needle sensation) of the fingers or toes (called peripheral neuropathy).
===Less common signs and symptoms of WM===
*Enlarged lymph nodes (appearing as 1-2 inches sized lumps under the skin in neck, groin or the armpits).
*Swollen belly/abdomen (due to hepatosplenomegaly).
*Problems with circulation system leading to:
**Headache.
**Confusion.
**Dizziness.
**Symptoms resembling stroke like slurred speech or weakness on one side of body (such patients are advised to consult from their doctor right away).
*Abnormal mucous membrane bleeding (epistaxis, bleeding gums).
*Vision problems (blurred vision or blind spots).
*Kidney problems (leading to weakness, trouble breathing and fluid buildup in body tissues associated with accumulation of excess salt, fluid and waste products in blood secondary to amyloidosis).
*Heart problems (Secondary to amyloidosis, build up of M protein in heart affects its pumping ability, and also the heart has to work harder to pump the thick blood ultimately leading to CHF with following symptoms).
**Palpitations.
**Feeling of tiredness and weakness.
**Cough.
**Shortness of breath.
**Rapid weight gain.
**Swelling of feet and legs.
*Infections (high levels of abnormal antibody in WM slows down the production of normal antibodies).
*Digestive problems (due to M protein build up in intestines):
**Diarrhea.
**Poor absorption of vitamins.
**GIT bleeding (blood in stools/dark stools).
*Sensitivity to cold (due to cryoglobulinemia which is associated with reduced blood flow leading to pain, itching, bluish discoloration or sores in following body parts).
**Tip of nose.
**Ears.
**Fingers.
**Toes.





Revision as of 21:55, 4 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia; Waldenstrom's disease; Primary macroglobulinemia; Hyperviscosity syndrome

Overview

Historical Perspective

  • In 1944, Jan G. Waldenstrom, a Swedish doctor of internal medicine, first discovered Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia(WM). He reported an unusal presentation of fatigue, lymphadenopathy, bleeding from nose and mouth, worsening anemia, elevated sedimentation rate, low serum fibrinogen levels (hypofibrinogenemia), hyperviscosity, and hypergammaglobulinemia in two patients due to increased levels of a class of an abnormal high molecular weight serum protein called macroglobulins.[1][2]
  • In 1962, the first report on familiality in WM was published, and since then many cohort studies as well as small case-control studies have been published showing familial aggregation of WM.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] [12][13][14][15]
  • In 1994, a Revised European-American classification of lymphoid neaoplasms (REAL) was published by International Lymphoma Study Group which placed WM in the category of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (an indolent subtype of non-hodgkins lymphoma). The REAL classification is based on the morphology, immunophenotype, genetic features, and clinical features.[16][17]
  • In 2001, WHO also classified the pathology of WM as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia based on REAL classification.[2]
  • In September 2002, a consensus group at the Second International Workshop on WM in Athens, Greece, defined WM as a distinct clinicopathologic entity with characteristics of bone marrow infiltration associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy by WM.[2]



The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].

In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

  • There is no established system of classification for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL).

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].

OR

Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology

Multiple factors associated with pathogenesis

The exact oncogenesis of WM has not been defined yet. However, several factors that play a role in pathogenesis of WM are listed as follow:

  • History of WM/LPL or other B-cell disorders in first-degree relatives of patient with WM.[13][18][19]
  • History of precursor condition of IgM Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in patient of WM.[20][21][21][22][21][23]
  • Age older than 60 years.[24]
  • Personal and family history of autoimmune diseases with autoantibodies leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing WM, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
    • Hepatitis C virus infection (overall 20-30% increased risk for non-Hodgkin lymohoma and 3-fold increased risk for WM).[19][25][26]
    • HIV.[25]
    • Rickettsiosis.[25]
    • Sjogren syndrome.[27][28]
    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.[27][28]
    • Sarcoidosis.[29]
    • SLE.[28]
  • Hay fever.
  • Male gender.[24][30]
  • White race/ethnicity.[24][31]

Environmental Factors

According to some recent studies, exposure to following environmental factors seems to have association with the development of WM:[32][33]

  • Occupational (Farming).
  • Pesticides.
  • Wood dust.
  • Organic solvents.

Genetics

There are many cytogenetic abnormalities & mutations associated with WM:

  • MYD88 L265P somatic mutation (90%).[34][35][36][37][38][39][40]
  • Deletions in 6q21-22.1 gene (50%).[41]
  • Somatic hypermutation in IGHV.[24]
  • t(9;14)(p13;q32) (50%).[24]
  • C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) 5338X mutations (30-35%).[24]
  • Trisomy 4 (20%).[24]

Histopathology

WM/LPL is a form of an indolent (slowly growing) non-hodgkin lymphoma. LPL is called so because the lymphoma cells have the characteristics of both lymphocytes and plasma cells. After a detailed clinicopathological assessment and review of the published literature, the following diagnostic criteria was proposed for WM:[42]

  • IgM monoclonal gammopathy of any concentration.
  • Bone marrow infiltration by small lymphocytes, plasmacytoid cells and plasma cells in following patterns:[43]
    • Diffuse.
    • Interstitial.
    • Nodular.
    • Paratrabecular.
  • A surface Ig(+)CD19(+)CD20(+)CD5(-)CD10(-)CD23(-) immunophenotype.
  • Following lymphoid organs are involved in WM:
    • Bone marrow.
    • Lymph nodes.
    • Spleen.
  • The bone marrow contains variable numbers of pleomorphic lymphoid cells.
  • Dutcher bodies may be seen as intracytoplasmic inclusions positive for periodic acid Schiff.
  • Mast cell hyperplasia is common and may stimulate tumor cell proliferation and monoclonal IgM secretion.
  • Gene expression profiling has indicated that lymphoid cells of WM more closely resemble those of chronic lymphocytic leukemia than those of myeloma.[44]



OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR


[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Non-Hodgkinís lymphomas (NHLs) are a very heterogeneous group of cancers that develop in the lymph nodes present throughout the body.
  • There are over 25 subtypes of NHL, although most are diagnosed infrequently.
  • Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is one of those rare subtypes, accounting for only 1 to 2% of all NHLs.
  • This lymphoma arises from plasma cells, which are mature B-lymphocytes.
  • It is most often associated with an increased IgM protein produced by the lymphoma cells and is commonly referred to as Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM), after the Swedish physician who first described the syndrome in 1944.
  • WM is considered an indolent lymphoma; the disease progresses very slowly, and patients tend to live many years after diagnosis.
  • However, most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease, and although WM responds well to a variety of chemotherapy drugs, it is generally considered to be incurable.
  • WM is somewhat more common in men compared to women, and it is much more common in white patients than in African-Americans.
  • The average age at diagnosis is between 60 and 65 years.

The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.


Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

OR

The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.

OR

[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.

OR

[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].

OR

[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].


There is no racial predilection to [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].


[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

OR

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.


The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

OR

[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Risk Factors

  • History of WM/LPL or other B-cell disorders in first-degree relatives of patient with WM.[13][18][19]
  • History of precursor condition of IgM Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in patient of WM.[20][21][21][22][21][23]
  • Age older than 60 years.[24]
  • Personal and family history of autoimmune diseases with autoantibodies leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing WM, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
    • Hepatitis C virus infection (overall 20-30% increased risk for non-Hodgkin lymohoma and 3-fold increased risk for WM).[19][25][26]
    • HIV.[25]
    • Rickettsiosis.[25]
    • Sjogren syndrome.[27][28]
    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.[27][28]
    • Sarcoidosis.[29]
    • SLE.[28]
  • Hay fever.
  • Male gender.[24][30]
  • White race/ethnicity.[24][31]

Environmental Factors

According to some recent studies, exposure to following environmental factors seems to have association with the development of WM:[32][33]

  • Occupational (Farming).
  • Pesticides.
  • Wood dust.
  • Organic solvents.

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

History and Symptoms

  • Sometimes, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) isn’t causing any symptoms when it’s first found. Instead, it’s found when the person has blood tests done for some other reason. WM found this way is sometimes called asymptomatic or smoldering WM.
  • Hyperviscosity Syndrome:
         The lymphoma cells make varying amounts of a protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM, or macroglobulin). Higher amounts of this protein than normal in blood tends to make it thick leading to hyperviscosity syndrome (when blood becomes thick, it is harder for blood to flow through small blood vessels), and when this occurs, the condition is termed as Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. This excess amount of IgM antibodies can be ultimately associated with circulatory problems leading to less blood flow to the brain, the eyes or other organs, which may cause any of the following:
    • Symptoms resembling those of stroke.
    • Dizziness.
    • Headache.
    • Blurred vision or loss of vision.
    • Shortness of breath.
    • Numbness and tingling of the fingers or toes (called peripheral neuropathy).
    • Muscle weakness.
    • Confusion.
  • Amyloidosis (due to IgM deposits in kidney and heart tissues lwading to problems with these organs).
  • Cryoglobulinemia and vasculitis (inflammation of small blood vessels occurs when IgM antibody forms immune complexes with cold exposure (called cryoglobulin) in cooler parts of body like tip of nose, ears, fingers and toes. This leads to pain and other problems in these body parts upon exposure to cold temperature).
  • Not all people with WM develop hyperviscosity, cryoglobulins, or amyloidosis.

Common symptoms of WM

  • Mucous membrane bleeding (oronasal).
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness (due to anemia associated with IgM binding to RBCs).
  • Loss of appetite.
  • B symptoms as seen in other types of NHL:
    • Unexplained fever.
    • Drenching night sweats.
    • Unexplained weight loss.
    • Enlarged lymph nodes.
  • Numbness and tingling (painful pins and needle sensation) of the fingers or toes (called peripheral neuropathy).

Less common signs and symptoms of WM

  • Enlarged lymph nodes (appearing as 1-2 inches sized lumps under the skin in neck, groin or the armpits).
  • Swollen belly/abdomen (due to hepatosplenomegaly).
  • Problems with circulation system leading to:
    • Headache.
    • Confusion.
    • Dizziness.
    • Symptoms resembling stroke like slurred speech or weakness on one side of body (such patients are advised to consult from their doctor right away).
  • Abnormal mucous membrane bleeding (epistaxis, bleeding gums).
  • Vision problems (blurred vision or blind spots).
  • Kidney problems (leading to weakness, trouble breathing and fluid buildup in body tissues associated with accumulation of excess salt, fluid and waste products in blood secondary to amyloidosis).
  • Heart problems (Secondary to amyloidosis, build up of M protein in heart affects its pumping ability, and also the heart has to work harder to pump the thick blood ultimately leading to CHF with following symptoms).
    • Palpitations.
    • Feeling of tiredness and weakness.
    • Cough.
    • Shortness of breath.
    • Rapid weight gain.
    • Swelling of feet and legs.
  • Infections (high levels of abnormal antibody in WM slows down the production of normal antibodies).
  • Digestive problems (due to M protein build up in intestines):
    • Diarrhea.
    • Poor absorption of vitamins.
    • GIT bleeding (blood in stools/dark stools).
  • Sensitivity to cold (due to cryoglobulinemia which is associated with reduced blood flow leading to pain, itching, bluish discoloration or sores in following body parts).
    • Tip of nose.
    • Ears.
    • Fingers.
    • Toes.


Read more: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/more-types-of-nhl/lymphoplasmacytic-lymphoma/?region=on#ixzz5eavoTzUH The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

One or more of the following treatments can be given for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.

Watchful waiting

Watchful waiting (also called active surveillance) may be offered for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma because it develops slowly and may not need to be treated right away. The healthcare team will carefully monitor the person with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and start treatment when symptoms appear, such as hyperviscosity syndrome, or there are signs that the disease is progressing more quickly.

Chemotherapy

  • People with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma who have symptoms or hyperviscosity syndrome are usually given chemotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs that may be used with or without prednisone include:
    • Chlorambucil (Leukeran)
    • Fludarabine (Fludara)
    • Bendamustine (Treanda)
    • Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Procytox)
  • Combinations of chemotherapy drugs that may be used include:
    • DRC – dexamethasone (Decadron, Dexasone), rituximab (Rituxan) and cyclophosphamide
    • BRD – bortezomib (Velcade) and rituximab, with or without dexamethasone
    • CVP – cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin) and prednisone
    • R-CVP – CVP with rituximab
    • Thalidomide (Thalomid) and rituximab

Targeted therapy

  • Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules (such as proteins) on the surface of cancer cells. These molecules help send signals that tell cells to grow or divide. By targeting these molecules, the drugs stop the growth and spread of cancer cells while limiting harm to normal cells.
  • Targeted therapy drugs used alone or in combination to treat lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma include rituximab, bortezomib and ibrutinib (Imbruvica).

Immunotherapy

  • Immunotherapy works by stimulating, boosting, restoring or acting like the body’s immune system to create a response against cancer cells. Immunomodulatory drugs are a type of immunotherapy that interferes with the growth and division of cancer cells.
  • Thalidomide is a type of immunomodulatory drug that may be used to treat lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.

Radiation therapy

External beam radiation therapy may be used to treat lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma that develops outside of the lymphatic system (called extralymphatic disease), but this is rare.

Stem cell transplant

  • Some people with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma may be offered a stem cell transplant.
  • It may be used if the lymphoma comes back (recurs) after treatment or doesn’t respond to other treatments (called refractory disease).
  • Many people with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma are older or may not be in good health, so a stem cell transplant may not be a good treatment option for them.


Read more: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/more-types-of-nhl/lymphoplasmacytic-lymphoma/?region=on#ixzz5eb6iT7G6

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

OR

Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

OR

The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

OR

[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

OR   The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

OR

[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

OR

Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

OR

Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

References

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