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[[File:ImageLymphadenopathy.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lymphadenopathy]]
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{{Lymphadenopathy}}                                                                 
{{Lymphadenopathy}}                                                                 
{{CMG}},{{shyam}};{{AE}} {{ADS}}, {{RT}} [[Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD]]
{{CMG}},{{shyam}};{{AE}} {{ADS}}, {{RT}} [[Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD]]
   
   
{{SK}} Lymph nodes enlarged; Enlarged lymph nodes; Lymphadenitis; Swollen lymph nodes; Swollen/enlarged lymph nodes<br>
{{SK}} Lymph nodes enlarged; Enlarged lymph nodes; Lymphadenitis; Swollen lymph nodes; Swollen/enlarged lymph nodes<br>
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==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Lymphadenopathy''', also called '''adenopathy''', refers to any disease process that involves lymph nodes that are abnormal in consistency and size. This condition has multiple causes, the most common of which include neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, and infection. '''Lymphadenitis''' refers to lymphadenopathies that are due to inflammatory processes. It is characterized by nodal swelling, pain, skin changes, fever, edema, and/or purulent collections. <ref name="pmid16616313">{{cite journal| author=Gosche JR, Vick L| title=Acute, subacute, and chronic cervical lymphadenitis in children. | journal=Semin Pediatr Surg | year= 2006 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-106 | pmid=16616313 | doi=10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2006.02.007 | pmc=7111159 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16616313  }} </ref>
==[[Lymphadenopathy historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


==[[Lymphadenopathy classification|Classification]]==
==[[Lymphadenopathy classification|Classification]]==


==[[Lymphadenopathy pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Lymphadenopathy pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==Histopathology==


==Causes==
==Causes==
Lymph node enlargement can be of viral, bacterial, malignant, protozoan origin and can even be caused by live vaccines <ref name="pmid25996397"> (2015) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25996397 Reorganized text.] ''JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg'' 141 (5):428. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540 DOI:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25996397 25996397]</ref>
Examples of infections that can cause lymph node enlargement include:
*Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr Virus and cytomegalovirus which cause infectious mononucleosis, <ref name="pmid23281438">{{cite journal| author=Weiss LM, O'Malley D| title=Benign lymphadenopathies. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 26 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S88-96 | pmid=23281438 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.176 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23281438  }} </ref> and CMV mononucleosis respectively.<ref name="pmid4317237">{{cite journal| author=Sinha AK, Lovett M, Pillay G| title=Cytomegalovirus infection with Lymphadenopathy. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1970 | volume= 3 | issue= 5715 | pages= 163 | pmid=4317237 | doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5715.163 | pmc=1702272 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4317237  }} </ref> as well HHV8 <ref name="pmid10889905">{{cite journal| author=O'Leary J, Kennedy M, Howells D, Silva I, Uhlmann V, Luttich K | display-authors=etal| title=Cellular localisation of HHV-8 in Castleman's disease: is there a link with lymph node vascularity? | journal=Mol Pathol | year= 2000 | volume= 53 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-76 | pmid=10889905 | doi=10.1136/mp.53.2.69 | pmc=1186908 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10889905  }} </ref> and HIV.<ref name="pmid8924253">{{cite journal| author=Oksenhendler E, Duarte M, Soulier J, Cacoub P, Welker Y, Cadranel J | display-authors=etal| title=Multicentric Castleman's disease in HIV infection: a clinical and pathological study of 20 patients. | journal=AIDS | year= 1996 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 61-7 | pmid=8924253 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8924253  }} </ref>
*Yersinia pestis, which causes the bubonic plague, causes lymph node swelling so large that it can be seen under the skin. These lymph nodes are called buboes and may become necrotic. <ref name="pmid19606935">{{cite journal| author=Butler T| title=Plague into the 21st century. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 49 | issue= 5 | pages= 736-42 | pmid=19606935 | doi=10.1086/604718 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19606935  }} </ref>
*Other bacterial infections such as cat-scratch disease, <ref name="pmid21243990">{{cite journal| author=Klotz SA, Ianas V, Elliott SP| title=Cat-scratch Disease. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2011 | volume= 83 | issue= 2 | pages= 152-5 | pmid=21243990 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21243990  }} </ref>  cutaneous anthrax, <ref name="pmid21852539">{{cite journal| author=Sweeney DA, Hicks CW, Cui X, Li Y, Eichacker PQ| title=Anthrax infection. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2011 | volume= 184 | issue= 12 | pages= 1333-41 | pmid=21852539 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201102-0209CI | pmc=3361358 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21852539  }} </ref> and tuberculous lymphadenitis <ref name="pmid21865192">{{cite journal| author=Fontanilla JM, Barnes A, von Reyn CF| title=Current diagnosis and management of peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 53 | issue= 6 | pages= 555-62 | pmid=21865192 | doi=10.1093/cid/cir454 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21865192  }} </ref>
*Protozoal infections including African sleeping sickness, <ref name="pmid23260189">Kennedy PG (2013) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23260189 Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).] ''Lancet Neurol'' 12 (2):186-94. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70296-X DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70296-X] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/23260189 23260189]</ref> Chagas' Disease, <ref name="pmid21412398">{{cite journal| author=Salazar Schettino PM, Bucio Torres M, Cabrera Bravo M, Ruiz Hernández AL| title=[Chagas disease in Mexico. Report of two acute cases]. | journal=Gac Med Mex | year= 2011 | volume= 147 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-9 | pmid=21412398 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21412398  }} </ref> and toxoplasmosis. <ref name="pmid15194258">{{cite journal| author=Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O| title=Toxoplasmosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9425 | pages= 1965-76 | pmid=15194258 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16412-X | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15194258  }} </ref>
Examples of malignancies that cause lymphadenopathy are:
* Primary: Hodgkin lymphoma <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glass |first1=C|title=Role of the Primary Care Physician in Hodgkin Lymphoma|journal=American Family Physician|volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=615–622 |date=September 2008|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0901/p615.html |pmid=18788239}}</ref> and non-Hodgkin lymphoma give lymphadenopathy in all or a few lymph nodes.<ref name=Status>Status and anamnesis, Anders Albinsson. Page 12</ref>
* Secondary: metastasis, Virchow's Node, neuroblastoma, <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colon|first1=NC|last2=Chung|first2=DH|title=Neuroblastoma|journal=Advances in Pediatrics|volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=297–311 |year=2011|pmid=21736987|doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.011 |pmc=3668791}}</ref> and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sagatys|first1=EM|last2=Zhang|first2=L|title=Clinical and laboratory prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia|journal=Cancer Control|volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=18–25|date=January 2011|pmid=22143059|doi=10.1177/107327481201900103|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Autoimmune causes include: systemic lupus erythematosus <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Melikoglu |first1=MA|last2=Melikoglu|first2=M|title=The clinical importance of lymphadenopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus|journal=Acta Reumatologia Portuguesa|volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=402–406 |date=October–December 2008|pmid=19107085|url=http://www.actareumatologica.pt/oldsite/conteudo/pdfs/ARP_2008_4_402_07__AR_-_Lymphadenopathy.pdf}}</ref> and rheumatoid arthritis may have a generalized lymphadenopathy.<ref name=Status/>


==[[Lymphadenopathy differential diagnosis|Differentiating Lymphadenopathy from other Diseases]]==
==[[Lymphadenopathy differential diagnosis|Differentiating Lymphadenopathy from other Diseases]]==
==[[Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==[[Lymphadenopathy epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==Laboratory Evaluation of Lymphadenopathy==


==[[Lymphadenopathy risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==Diagnostic Radiological Testing==


==[[Lymphadenopathy screening|Screening]]==


==[[Lymphadenopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
==Treatment==


==Diagnosis==
[[Lymphadenopathy diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic criteria]] | [[Lymphadenopathy history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Lymphadenopathy physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Lymphadenopathy laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Lymphadenopathy x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Lymphadenopathy CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Lymphadenopathy other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
==Treatment==
[[Lymphadenopathy medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Lymphadenopathy surgery|Surgery]] | [[Lymphadenopathy primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Lymphadenopathy secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Lymphadenopathy cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Lymphadenopathy future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==Case Studies==
[[Lymphadenopathy case study one|Case #1]]
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category: Physical examination]]




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Latest revision as of 18:21, 26 November 2021

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Synonyms and keywords: Lymph nodes enlarged; Enlarged lymph nodes; Lymphadenitis; Swollen lymph nodes; Swollen/enlarged lymph nodes
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