Levamisole

Levamisole
	File:Levamisole.svg
Clinical data
Routes of; administration	Oral
ATC code	P02CE01 (WHO) ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Hepatic
Elimination half-life	4.4-5.6 hours (biphasic)
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (6S)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole;
CAS Number	14769-73-4;
PubChem CID	26879;
DrugBank	APRD01067;
E number	{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard	{{#property:P2566}}Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 36: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C11H12N2S
Molar mass	204.292 g/mol

Levamisole (Ergamisol, HCl salt) is an antibiotic belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966.

Clinical use

It was originally used as an antihelminthic to treat worm infestations in both humans and animals.

It has been tested in combination with fluorouracil to treat colon cancer. There is no good evidence from clinical trials that its addition to fluorouracil therapy benefits patients with colon cancer, and it is no longer used for this. It is also used infrequently to treat melanoma and head and neck cancer. It is unclear from its mechanism of action why it would have an effect in treating colon cancer, although it has been shown to have "immune-stimulating" properties in some situations.

A 1984 study on complicated viral influenza had found levamisole to be an effective interferon inducer and had recommended its use in combination therapy for influenza.^[1]

It is also used routinely in India to treat steroid dependent childhood nephrotic syndrome cases, and is probably based on literature published in a few UK based studies.^[2]

Laboratory use

Levamisole reversibly but uncompetitively inhibits (independent from presence or absence of Mg²⁺) most alkaline phosphatase isoforms (eg human liver, bone, kidney, and spleen) except the intestinal and placental isoform.^[3]

It is thus used as an inhibitor along with substrate to reduce background alkaline phosphatase activity in biomedical research involving detection signal amplification by intestinal alkaline phosphatase for example in in situ hybridization or western blot protocols.

Administration and metabolism

Levamisole is given orally, and is metabolized primarily by the liver.

References

↑ Grishchenko SV, Lavrukhina LA, Ketiladze ES, Krylov VF, Ershov FI (1984). "[Results of combined therapy using levamisole for patients with influenza complicated by pneumonia]". Vopr. Virusol. (in Russian). 29 (2): 175–9. PMID 6203228.
↑ "Levamisole for corticosteroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in childhood. British Association for Paediatric Nephrology". Lancet. 337 (8757): 1555–7. 1991. PMID 1675705.
↑ Van Belle H (1976). "Alkaline phosphatase. I. Kinetics and inhibition by levamisole of purified isoenzymes from humans". Clin. Chem. 22 (7): 972–6. PMID 6169.

External links

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[pmid6203228-1] Grishchenko SV, Lavrukhina LA, Ketiladze ES, Krylov VF, Ershov FI (1984). "[Results of combined therapy using levamisole for patients with influenza complicated by pneumonia]". Vopr. Virusol. (in Russian). 29 (2): 175–9. PMID 6203228.

[pmid1675705-2] "Levamisole for corticosteroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in childhood. British Association for Paediatric Nephrology". Lancet. 337 (8757): 1555–7. 1991. PMID 1675705.

[pmid6169-3] Van Belle H (1976). "Alkaline phosphatase. I. Kinetics and inhibition by levamisole of purified isoenzymes from humans". Clin. Chem. 22 (7): 972–6. PMID 6169.

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