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Black Box Warning
RISK OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
*Acute renal failure has occurred with lesinurad, one of the components of DUZALLO
Overview
Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) is a Acetylcholine release inhibitor, Adrenergic receptor agonist that is FDA approved for the (type of indication of drug) of a list of indications, separated by commas.. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas..
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Condition 1
Dosing Information
(Dosage)
Condition 2
Dosing Information
(Dosage)
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Lesinurad/Allopurinol Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Lesinurad/Allopurinol Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Lesinurad/Allopurinol Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Lesinurad/Allopurinol Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.
Contraindications
The use of DUZALLO is contraindicated in the following conditions:
Severe renal impairment (eCLcr less than 30 mL/min), end-stage renal disease, kidney transplant recipients, or patients on dialysis.
Tumor lysis syndrome or Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Known hypersensitivity to allopurinol, including previous occurrence of skin rash.
Warnings
RISK OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
*Acute renal failure has occurred with lesinurad, one of the components of DUZALLO
Renal Events
Adverse reactions related to renal function, including acute renal failure, can occur after initiating DUZALLO. Treatment with lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol was associated with an increased incidence of serum creatinine elevations, most of which were reversible. A higher incidence of serum creatinine elevations and renal-related adverse reactions, including serious adverse reactions of acute renal failure, were observed with lesinurad 400 mg in combination with allopurinol, with the highest incidence when lesinurad was given alone. DUZALLO treatment should be interrupted if serum creatinine is elevated to greater than 2 times the value when lesinurad treatment was initiated. In patients who report symptoms that may indicate acute uric acid nephropathy including flank pain, nausea or vomiting, interrupt treatment and measure serum creatinine promptly. DUZALLO should not be restarted without another explanation for the serum creatinine abnormalities.
DUZALLO should not be initiated in patients with an eCLcr less than 45 mL/min. Renal function should be evaluated prior to initiation of DUZALLO and periodically thereafter, as clinically indicated. More frequent renal function monitoring is recommended in patients with an eCLcr less than 60 mL/min or with serum creatinine elevations 1.5 to 2 times the value when lesinurad treatment was initiated.
Some patients with pre-existing renal disease or poor urate clearance have shown a rise in BUN during administration of allopurinol.
Skin Rash and Hypersensitivity
Skin rash is a frequently reported adverse event in patients taking allopurinol. In some instances, a skin rash may be followed by more severe hypersensitivity reactions associated with exfoliation, fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia and/or eosinophilia including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Associated vasculitis and tissue response may be manifested in various ways including hepatitis, renal impairment, seizures, and on rare occasions, death. The HLA-B*5801 allele is a genetic risk marker for severe skin reactions indicative of hypersensitivity to allopurinol.
DUZALLO should be discontinued immediately at the first appearance of skin rash or other signs which may indicate an allergic reaction, and additional medical care should be provided as needed.
Hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol may be increased in patients with decreased renal function receiving thiazide diuretics and DUZALLO concurrently. For this reason, in this clinical setting, such combinations should be administered with caution and patients should be observed closely.
Hepatotoxicity
A few cases of reversible clinical hepatotoxicity have been reported in patients taking allopurinol, and in some patients, asymptomatic rises in serum alkaline phosphatase or serum transaminase have been observed. If anorexia, weight loss, or pruritus develops in patients on DUZALLO, evaluation of liver function should be performed. In patients with pre-existing liver disease, periodic liver function tests are recommended.
Cardiovascular Events
In clinical trials with lesinurad and allopurinol, major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular deaths, non-fatal myocardial infarctions, and non-fatal strokes) were observed. A causal relationship has not been established.
Bone Marrow Depression
Bone marrow depression has been reported in patients receiving allopurinol, most of whom received concomitant drugs with the potential for causing this reaction. This has occurred as early as six weeks to as long as six years after the initiation of allopurinol therapy. Rarely a patient may develop varying degrees of bone marrow depression, affecting one or more cell lines, while receiving allopurinol alone.
Patients taking allopurinol and mercaptopurine or azathioprine require a reduction in dose to approximately one-third to one-fourth of the usual dose of mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Subsequent adjustment of doses of mercaptopurine or azathioprine should be made on the basis of therapeutic response and the appearance of toxic effects. Patients should be closely monitored for therapeutic response and the appearance of toxicity.
Increase in Prothrombin Time
It has been reported that allopurinol prolongs the half-life of dicumarol, a coumarin anticoagulant. The prothrombin time should be reassessed periodically in patients receiving coumarin anticoagulants (dicumarol, warfarin) concomitantly with DUZALLO.
Drowsiness
Occasional occurrence of drowsiness was reported in patients taking allopurinol. Patients should be alerted to the need for due caution when engaging in activities where alertness is mandatory.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Lesinurad in Combination With Allopurinol
In 2 randomized, placebo-controlled studies (Studies 1 and 2), a total of 405, 401, and 407 patients with gout were treated with lesinurad 200 mg, lesinurad 400 mg, or placebo, respectively, once daily in combination with allopurinol (200 mg to 900 mg daily) for up to 12 months. The majority of patients in these studies received allopurinol daily doses of 200 mg or 300 mg (average dose of allopurinol in the studies was 310 mg), corresponding to the allopurinol doses contained in DUZALLO. The median duration of treatment with lesinurad in combination with allopurinol was 11.2 months. The mean age of the population was 52 years (range 18-82), and 95% were males. At baseline, 61% of the patient population showed mild or moderate renal impairment (eCLcr less than 90 mL/min) and 81% of patients had at least one co-morbid condition including hypertension (66%), hyperlipidemia (46%), diabetes (17%), and kidney stones (12%).
Renal Events
Lesinurad causes an increase in renal uric acid excretion, which may lead to renal events including transient increases in serum creatinine, renal-related adverse reactions, and kidney stones. These renal events occurred more frequently in patients receiving lesinurad 400 mg than in patients receiving 200 mg.
The number of patients with serum creatinine elevations in the 12-month placebo-controlled trials in combination with allopurinol is shown in Table 1. Most of these elevations on lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol and lesinurad 400 mg in combination with allopurinol resolved without treatment interruption (Table 1).
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Renal-related adverse reactions, including blood creatinine increased and renal failure, and nephrolithiasis reported in patients receiving lesinurad 200 mg, lesinurad 400 mg, and placebo in combination with allopurinol are shown in Table 2. The incidence of reports of "blood creatinine increased" was higher with lesinurad in combination with allopurinol and was highest with lesinurad 400 mg in combination with allopurinol. Renal-related adverse reactions by baseline renal function category are shown in Table 3. Blood creatinine increased occurred more frequently in patients treated with lesinurad 400 mg in combination with allopurinol across baseline renal function categories (Table 3).
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Renal-related adverse reactions resulted in a similar discontinuation rate on lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol (1.0%) and allopurinol alone (1.0%) and a higher rate on lesinurad 400 mg in combination with allopurinol (3.2%). Serious renal-related adverse reactions were reported in patients on lesinurad 400 mg in combination with allopurinol (0.7%) and allopurinol alone (0.2%) and in no patients on lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol during the 12-month controlled period of the studies. Serious renal-related adverse reactions were reported with lesinurad 200 mg and lesinurad 400 mg in combination with allopurinol in the uncontrolled long-term extensions.
Cardiovascular Safety
Cardiovascular events and deaths were adjudicated as Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke) in the Phase 3 randomized controlled studies of lesinurad in combination with allopurinol. In the randomized controlled studies, the numbers of patients with adjudicated MACE (incidences per 100 patient-years of exposure) were: 2 (0.60) for placebo, 2 (0.61) for lesinurad 200 mg, and 6 (1.85) for lesinurad 400 mg when used in combination with allopurinol.
Other Adverse Reactions
Adverse reactions occurring in 2% or more of patients on lesinurad in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and at least 1% greater than that observed in patients on placebo with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor were identified in the lesinurad development program. The incidence of these adverse reactions in controlled studies with lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol is summarized in Table 4.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Postmarketing Experience
Allopurinol
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of allopurinol. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
The most frequent adverse reaction to allopurinol is skin rash.
No drug interactions studies were conducted with DUZALLO. However, as DUZALLO contains lesinurad and allopurinol, any interactions that have been identified with these agents individually may occur with DUZALLO. The following interactions have been noted with the individual components of DUZALLO.
Drug Interactions With Lesinurad
Drug Interactions With Allopurinol
Drug Interactions With Lesinurad
CYP2C9 Inhibitors, CYP2C9 Poor Metabolizers, and CYP2C9 Inducers
Co-administration of lesinurad with inhibitors of CYP2C9, and administration of lesinurad to CYP2C9 poor metabolizers, resulted in increased lesinurad exposure. DUZALLO should be used with caution in patients taking moderate inhibitors of CYP2C9 (e.g., fluconazole, amiodarone), and in CYP2C9 poor metabolizers.
Lesinurad exposure is decreased when lesinurad is co-administered with moderate inducers of CYP2C9 (e.g., rifampin, carbamazepine), which may decrease the therapeutic effect of DUZALLO.
CYP3A Substrates
In interaction studies conducted in healthy subjects with lesinurad and CYP3A substrates, lesinurad reduced the plasma concentrations of sildenafil and amlodipine. Although there was not a clinically significant interaction with atorvastatin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that are sensitive CYP3A substrates may be affected by co-administration with DUZALLO. The possibility of reduced efficacy of concomitant drugs that are CYP3A substrates should be considered and their efficacy (e.g., blood pressure and cholesterol levels) should be monitored.
Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors
In vitro studies suggest that lesinurad is not an inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase; however, inhibitors of epoxide hydrolase (i.e., valproic acid) may interfere with metabolism of lesinurad. DUZALLO should not be administered with inhibitors of epoxide hydrolase.
Hormonal Contraceptives
Hormonal contraceptives, including oral, injectable, transdermal, and implantable forms, may not be reliable when DUZALLO is co-administered. Females should practice additional methods of contraception and not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking DUZALLO.
Aspirin
Aspirin at doses higher than 325 mg per day may decrease the efficacy of DUZALLO. Aspirin at doses of 325 mg or less per day (i.e., for cardiovascular protection) does not decrease the efficacy of DUZALLO and can be co-administered with DUZALLO.
Drug Interactions With Allopurinol
Immunosuppressants/Cytotoxics
Mercaptopurine and azathioprine
Azathioprine is metabolized to mercaptopurine which is inactivated by the action of xanthine oxidase. Since allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, the activity of azathioprine and mercaptopurine is prolonged. Therefore, during concomitant administration with DUZALLO, the dose of mercaptopurine or azathioprine will require reduction to approximately one-third to one-fourth of the usual dose, and should be closely monitored for therapeutic response and the appearance of toxicity. Subsequent adjustment of doses of mercaptopurine or azathioprine should be made on the basis of therapeutic response and the appearance of toxic effects.
Enhanced bone marrow suppression by cyclophosphamide and other cytotoxic agents has been reported among patients with neoplastic disease (except leukemia), in the presence of allopurinol. However, in a well-controlled study of patients with lymphoma on combination therapy, allopurinol did not increase the marrow toxicity of patients treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, bleomycin, procarbazine, and/or mechlorethamine.
Cyclosporine
Rare reports indicate that cyclosporine levels may be increased during concomitant treatment with allopurinol. Monitoring of cyclosporine levels and possible adjustment of cyclosporine dosage should be considered when cyclosporine and DUZALLO are coadministered.
Dicumarol
There have been reports of prolonged half-life of dicumarol, a coumarin anticoagulant, when coadministered with allopurinol; therefore, patients receiving DUZALLO in addition to dicumarol must be carefully monitored.
Thiazide Diuretics
The concomitant use of allopurinol and thiazide diuretics may contribute to the enhancement of allopurinol toxicity in some patients. Although a causal mechanism and a cause-and-effect relationship have not been established, current evidence suggests that renal function should be monitored in patients on thiazide diuretics and allopurinol even in the absence of renal failure, and dosage levels should be even more conservatively adjusted in those patients on such combined therapy if diminished renal function is detected.
Ampicillin/Amoxicillin
An increase in the frequency of skin rash has been reported among patients receiving amoxicillin or ampicillin concurrently with allopurinol compared to patients who are not receiving both drugs. The cause of the association has not been established.
Chlorpropamide
Plasma half-life of chlorpropamide may be prolonged by allopurinol, since allopurinol and chlorpropamide may compete for excretion in the renal tubule. The risk of hypoglycemia secondary to this mechanism may be increased if allopurinol and chlorpropamide are given concomitantly in the presence of renal insufficiency.
There are no available human data on use of DUZALLO or lesinurad in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Limited published data on allopurinol use in pregnant women do not demonstrate a clear pattern or increase in frequency of adverse development outcomes.
Animal reproductive toxicity studies have not been conducted with DUZALLO; however, studies were conducted with its individual components. No teratogenicity or effects on fetal development were observed in embryo-fetal development studies with oral administration of lesinurad to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses that produced maternal exposures up to 45 and 10 times, respectively, the exposure at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD). No teratogenic or fetotoxic effects were observed in embryo-fetal development studies with orally administered allopurinol to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses approximately 6 times the MRHD in both species. However, intraperitoneal administration of allopurinol to pregnant mice on gestation days 10 or 13, during the period of organogenesis, produced fetal deaths and teratogenic effects at doses 0.8 times the MRHD and higher.
No adverse developmental effects were observed in a pre- and post-natal development study with oral administration of lesinurad to pregnant rats from organogenesis through lactation at a dose approximately 5 times the MRHD.
All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Data (Animal)
Lesinurad
In an embryo-fetal development study in pregnant rats dosed during the period of organogenesis from gestation days 6-17, lesinurad was not teratogenic and did not affect fetal development or survival at exposures up to approximately 45 times the MRHD (on an AUC basis at maternal oral doses up to 300 mg/kg/day). In an embryo-fetal development study in pregnant rabbits dosed during the period of organogenesis from gestation days 7-20, lesinurad was not teratogenic and did not affect fetal development at exposures up to approximately 10 times the MRHD (on an AUC basis at maternal oral doses up to 75 mg/kg/day). Severe maternal toxicity, including mortality, was observed in rats and rabbits at exposures equal to or greater than approximately 45 and 4 times the MRHD (on an AUC basis at maternal oral doses of 300 mg/kg/day in rats and 25 mg/kg/day and higher in rabbits) respectively.
In a pre- and post-natal development study in pregnant female rats dosed from gestation day 7 through lactation day 20, lesinurad had no effects on delivery or growth and development of offspring at a dose approximately 5 times the MRHD (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day). In rats, plasma and milk concentrations of lesinurad were approximately equal.
Allopurinol
In embryo-fetal development studies with pregnant rats or rabbits, allopurinol administered during the period of organogenesis (gestation days 8 – 16) was not teratogenic or fetotoxic in either species at doses up to approximately 6 times the MRHD (on a mg/m2 basis at maternal oral doses up to 200 mg/kg/day in rats and 100 mg/kg/day in rabbits). However, in an embryo-fetal development study with pregnant mice, single intraperitoneal doses of allopurinol on gestation days 10 or 13 produced significant increases in fetal deaths and teratogenic effects, including external and skeletal malformations, at 0.8 times the MRHD and higher (on a mg/m2 basis at maternal intraperitoneal doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg). It is uncertain whether the findings in mice represented a fetal effect or an effect secondary to maternal toxicity.
Allopurinol crossed the placental barrier following oral administration to pregnant pigs and was detected in fetal plasma.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
Risk Summary
There is no information regarding the presence of DUZALLO or lesinurad in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Lesinurad was present in the milk of rats. Based on information from a single case report, allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol, were detected in the milk of a mother at five weeks postpartum. There was no report of effects of allopurinol on the breastfed infant or on milk production. The effect of allopurinol on the nursing infant is unknown.
The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for DUZALLO and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from DUZALLO or from the underlying maternal condition.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients under 18 years of age have not been established.
Geriatic Use
No dose adjustment is necessary in elderly patients. In a pool of clinical safety and efficacy studies of lesinurad in combination with allopurinol in gout patients, 12% were 65 years and older and 2% were 75 years and older. No overall differences between lesinurad in combination with allopurinol and allopurinol alone in safety and effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects. Greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
The efficacy and safety of lesinurad in combination with allopurinol were evaluated in studies that included gout patients with mild and moderate renal impairment. There were no clear differences in safety and effectiveness of lesinurad in combination with allopurinol in patients with mild renal impairment compared to patients with normal renal function. No lesinurad dose adjustment is recommended.
Across all lesinurad and placebo treatment groups, patients with moderate renal impairment had a higher occurrence of renal-related adverse reactions compared to patients with mild renal impairment or normal renal function. The experience with lesinurad in combination with allopurinol in patients with an eCLcr less than 45 mL/min is limited and there was a trend toward lesser efficacy. DUZALLO should not be initiated in patients with an eCLcr less than 45 mL/min. No lesinurad dose adjustment is recommended in patients with an eCLcr 45 to less than 60 mL/min, however, more frequent renal function monitoring is recommended. DUZALLO should be discontinued when eCLcr is persistently less than 45 mL/min.
The efficacy and safety of DUZALLO have not been evaluated in gout patients with severe renal impairment (eCLcr less than 30 mL/min), with end-stage renal disease, or receiving dialysis. DUZALLO is not expected to be effective in these patient populations.
Lesinurad
The pharmacokinetics (PK) of lesinurad were evaluated in studies that included patients with mild (eCLcr 60 to less than 90 mL/min), moderate (eCLcr 30 to less than 60 mL/min), and severe renal impairment (eCLcr less than 30 mL/min). Lesinurad exposure (AUC) increased by 30%, 50-73%, and 113%, respectively, in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment.
Allopurinol
Allopurinol and its metabolites are excreted via the kidney. Impairment of renal function may lead to retention of the drug and its metabolites with consequent prolongation of action. In patients with severely impaired renal function or decreased urate clearance, the half-life of oxypurinol in the plasma is greatly prolonged.
Patients with reduced renal function require lower doses of allopurinol than those with normal renal function.
Hepatic Impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classes A and B). Neither DUZALLO nor its individual components have been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment; DUZALLO is therefore not recommended in these patients.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) in patients who are immunocompromised.
Secondary Hyperuricemia
No studies with DUZALLO have been conducted in patients with secondary hyperuricemia (including organ transplant recipients); DUZALLO is contraindicated for use in tumor lysis syndrome or Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, where the rate of uric acid formation is greatly increased.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
Oral
Take in the morning with food and water.
Maintain adequate hydration (eg, 2 L fluid/day).
Monitoring
Obtaining a target serum uric acid level (less than 6 mg/dL) indicates efficacy.
Renal function: Prior to initiation and periodically as clinically indicated during therapy; more frequently with estimated CrCl less than 60 mL/min, or with serum creatinine levels 1.5 to 2 times the level when Lesinurad was initiated.
Hepatic function: Periodically with preexisting liver disease and if anorexia, weight loss, or pruritus develops.
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) and IV administrations.
Overdosage
Lesinurad
Lesinurad was studied in healthy subjects given single doses up to 1600 mg without evidence of dose-limiting toxicities. In case of overdose patients should be managed by symptomatic and supportive care including adequate hydration. The removal of lesinurad by hemodialysis has not been studied.
Allopurinol
There are published reports of allopurinol overdose in humans, with ingestion of doses up to 22.5 grams. Symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and dizziness have been reported. In the management of overdosage there is no specific antidote for allopurinol. Both allopurinol and oxypurinol are dialyzable; however, the usefulness of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in the management of an overdose of allopurinol is unknown.
DUZALLO combines two medications with complementary mechanisms of action for treatment of hyperuricemia associated with gout: lesinurad, a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, and allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. DUZALLO lowers serum uric acid levels by increasing excretion and inhibiting production of uric acid.
Lesinurad
Lesinurad reduces serum uric acid levels by inhibiting the function of transporter proteins involved in uric acid reabsorption in the kidney. Lesinurad inhibited the function of two apical transporters responsible for uric acid reabsorption, uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) and organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), with IC50 values of 7.3 and 3.7 µM, respectively. URAT1 is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered uric acid from the renal tubular lumen. OAT4 is a uric acid transporter associated with diuretic-induced hyperuricemia. Lesinurad does not interact with the uric acid reabsorption transporter SLC2A9 (Glut9), located on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule cell.
Allopurinol
Allopurinol acts on purine catabolism, without disrupting the biosynthesis of purines. It reduces the production of uric acid by inhibiting the biochemical reactions immediately preceding its formation. Allopurinol is a structural analogue of the natural purine base, hypoxanthine. It is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Allopurinol is metabolized to the corresponding xanthine analogue, oxypurinol (alloxanthine), which also is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Reutilization of both hypoxanthine and xanthine for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis is markedly enhanced when their oxidations are inhibited by allopurinol and oxypurinol. This reutilization does not disrupt normal nucleic acid anabolism because feedback inhibition is an integral part of purine biosynthesis. As a result of xanthine oxidase inhibition, the serum concentration of hypoxanthine plus xanthine in patients receiving allopurinol for treatment of hyperuricemia is usually in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 mg/dL compared to a normal level of approximately 0.15 mg/dL. A maximum of 0.9 mg/dL of these oxypurines has been reported when the serum urate was lowered to less than 2 mg/dL by high doses of allopurinol. These values are far below the saturation levels at which point their precipitation would be expected to occur (above 7 mg/dL).
Structure
Lesinurad
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Allopurinol
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Pharmacodynamics
Effects on Serum Uric Acid and Urinary Excretion of Uric Acid
Lesinurad
In gout patients, lesinurad lowered serum uric acid levels and increased renal clearance and fractional excretion of uric acid. Following single and multiple oral doses of lesinurad to gout patients, dose-dependent decreases in serum uric acid levels and increases in urinary uric acid excretion were observed.
Allopurinol
Allopurinol reduces both the serum and urinary uric acid levels by inhibiting the formation of uric acid.
Effect on Cardiac Repolarization
Lesinurad
The effect of lesinurad on cardiac repolarization as assessed by the QTc interval was evaluated in normal healthy subjects and gout patients. Lesinurad at doses up to 1600 mg did not demonstrate an effect on the QTc interval.
Allopurinol
The effect of allopurinol on cardiac repolarization has not been evaluated.
Pharmacokinetics
DUZALLO
After the administration of DUZALLO with a high-fat breakfast in healthy subjects, the exposure (AUC) for lesinurad and allopurinol were comparable to the fasted state. Compared to the fasted state, the fed state resulted in 46% and 18% reductions and 2.5 hours and 1.75 hours delays, in the peak (Cmax) concentrations of lesinurad and allopurinol, respectively. This effect of food is not considered to be clinically meaningful. Oxypurinol Cmax and AUC were similar in the fed and fasted states.
Absorption
Lesinurad
The absolute bioavailability of lesinurad as monotherapy is approximately 100%. Lesinurad is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Following administration of a single dose of a lesinurad tablet in either fed or fasted state, Cmax was attained within 1 to 4 hours. Cmax and AUC exposures of lesinurad increased proportionally with single doses of lesinurad from 5 to 1200 mg. Administration with a high-fat meal (800 to 1000 calories with 50% of calories being derived from fat content) decreases Cmax by up to 18% but does not alter AUC as compared with fasted state. In clinical trials, lesinurad was administered with food.
Allopurinol
Allopurinol is approximately 90% absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma levels generally occur at 1.5 hours and 4.5 hours for allopurinol and oxypurinol, respectively. After a single oral dose of 300 mg allopurinol, maximum plasma levels of about 3 mcg/mL of allopurinol and 6.5 mcg/mL of oxypurinol are produced.
Distribution
Lesinurad
Lesinurad is extensively bound to proteins in plasma (greater than 98%), mainly to albumin. Plasma protein binding of lesinurad is not meaningfully altered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. The mean steady state volume of distribution of lesinurad was approximately 20 L following intravenous dosing of lesinurad.
Elimination
Lesinurad
The elimination half-life (t½) of lesinurad is approximately 5 hours. Lesinurad does not accumulate following multiple doses. The total body clearance is approximately 6 L/hr.
Allopurinol
Because of its rapid oxidation to oxypurinol and a renal clearance rate approximately that of glomerular filtration rate, allopurinol has a plasma half-life of about 1 to 2 hours. Oxypurinol, however, has a longer plasma elimination half-life (approximately 26 hours) and therefore effective xanthine oxidase inhibition is maintained over a 24-hour period with single daily doses of allopurinol. Whereas allopurinol is cleared essentially by glomerular filtration, oxypurinol is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules in a manner similar to the reabsorption of uric acid.
Metabolism
Lesinurad
Lesinurad undergoes oxidative metabolism mainly via the polymorphic cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 enzyme. Plasma exposure of metabolites is minimal (<10% of unchanged lesinurad). Metabolites are not known to contribute to the uric acid lowering effects of lesinurad. A transient oxide metabolite is rapidly eliminated by microsomal epoxide hydrolase in the liver and not detected in plasma.
Patients who are CYP2C9 poor metabolizers are deficient in CYP2C9 enzyme activity. A cross-study pharmacogenomic analysis assessed the association between CYP2C9 polymorphism and lesinurad exposure in patients receiving single or multiple doses of lesinurad at 200 mg, 400 mg or 600 mg. At the 400 mg dose, lesinurad exposure was approximately 1.8-fold higher in CYP2C9 poor metabolizers (i.e., subjects with CYP2C9 *2/*2 [N=1], and *3/*3 [N=1] genotype) compared to CYP2C9 extensive metabolizers (i.e., CYP2C9 *1/*1 [N=41] genotype). Use with caution in CYP2C9 poor metabolizers, and in patients taking moderate inhibitors of CYP2C9.
Allopurinol
Allopurinol is metabolized to the corresponding xanthine analogue, oxypurinol (alloxanthine), which also is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Excretion
Lesinurad
Within 7 days following single dosing of radiolabeled lesinurad, 63% of administered radioactive dose was recovered in urine and 32% of administered radioactive dose was recovered in feces. Most of the radioactivity recovered in urine (> 60% of dose) occurred in the first 24 hours. Unchanged lesinurad in urine accounted for approximately 30% of the dose.
Allopurinol
Approximately 20% of the ingested allopurinol is excreted in the feces. The remainder is primarily metabolized to oxypurinol.
SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Renal Impairment
A dedicated renal impairment study was not conducted with DUZALLO.
Lesinurad
Two dedicated studies were performed to assess pharmacokinetics (PK) of lesinurad in renal impairment (classified using the Cockcroft-Gault formula) subjects. In both studies, Cmax was comparable in renal impairment subjects compared to healthy subjects. Study 1 was a single-dose, open-label study evaluating the PK of lesinurad 200 mg in subjects with mild (eCLcr 60 to less than 90 mL/min) and moderate renal impairment (eCLcr 30 to less than 60 mL/min) compared to healthy subjects. Compared to healthy subjects (N=6; eCLcr greater than or equal to 90 mL/min), plasma AUC of lesinurad was increased by approximately 30% and 73% in subjects with mild (N=8) and moderate (N=10) renal impairment, respectively. Study 2 was a single-dose, open-label study evaluating the PK of lesinurad 400 mg in subjects with moderate and severe renal impairment (eCLcr less than 30 mL/min) compared to healthy subjects. Compared to healthy subjects (N=6), plasma AUC of lesinurad was increased by approximately 50% and 113% in subjects with moderate (N=6) and severe (N=6) renal impairment, respectively.
Allopurinol
Allopurinol and its metabolites are primarily eliminated by the kidney. Impairment of renal function may lead to retention of the drug and its metabolites with consequent prolongation of action. Patients with reduced renal function require lower doses of allopurinol than those with normal renal function.
Hepatic Impairment
A dedicated hepatic impairment study was not conducted with DUZALLO.
Lesinurad
Following administration of a single dose of lesinurad at 400 mg in patients with mild (Child-Pugh class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh class B) hepatic impairment, lesinurad Cmax was comparable and lesinurad AUC was 7% and 33% higher, respectively, compared to individuals with normal hepatic function. There is no clinical experience in patients with severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.
Allopurinol
No information is available in patients with hepatic impairment.
Effect of Age, Gender, Race and Ethnicity on Pharmacokinetics
Lesinurad
Based on the population PK analysis, age, gender, race and ethnicity do not have a clinically meaningful effect on the PK of lesinurad.
Allopurinol
No information is available for age, gender, race, or ethnicity effects on the PK of allopurinol.
Pediatric Use
Lesinurad
Studies characterizing the PK of lesinurad in pediatric patients have not been conducted.
Allopurinol
No data on the PK of allopurinol in pediatric patients are available.
Drug-Drug Interactions
Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with DUZALLO have not been performed; however, such studies have been conducted with the individual components lesinurad and allopurinol.
Lesinurad
Based on in vitro data, lesinurad is a substrate for CYP2C9, OAT1 and OAT3; however, no clinical studies have been conducted with OAT1 and OAT3 inhibitors (e.g., probenecid).
Effects of Other Drugs on Lesinurad
Figure 1 shows the effect of co-administered drugs on the PK of lesinurad.
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Effects of Lesinurad on Other Drugs
Lesinurad is a weak inducer of CYP3A and has no relevant effect on any other CYP enzyme for induction (CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, or CYP2C19) or inhibition (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP3A4).
Based on in vitro studies, lesinurad is an inhibitor of OATP1B1, OCT1, OAT1, and OAT3; however, lesinurad is not an in vivo inhibitor of these transporters. In vivo drug interaction studies indicate that lesinurad does not decrease the renal clearance of furosemide (substrate of OAT1/3), or affect the exposure of atorvastatin (substrate of OATP1B1) or metformin (substrate of OCT1). Based on in vitro studies, lesinurad has no relevant effect on P-glycoprotein.
Figure 2 shows the effect of lesinurad on co-administered drugs.
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Effect of Allopurinol on Mercaptopurine
Allopurinol inhibits the enzymatic oxidation of mercaptopurine, the sulfur-containing analogue of hypoxanthine, to 6-thiouric acid. This oxidation, which is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase, inactivates mercaptopurine. Hence, the inhibition of such oxidation by allopurinol may result in as much as a 75% reduction in the therapeutic dose requirement of mercaptopurine when the two compounds are given together.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No studies of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or impairment of fertility were conducted with DUZALLO; however, studies were conducted with its individual components, lesinurad and allopurinol, as described below.
Lesinurad
The carcinogenic potential of lesinurad was evaluated in a 2-year study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats and a 26-week study in TgRasH2 mice. No evidence of tumorigenicity was observed in male or female rats at oral doses up to 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 35 times the MRHD on an AUC basis). No evidence of tumorigenicity was observed in TgRasH2 mice at oral doses up to 125 and 250 mg/kg/day in male and female mice, respectively.
Lesinurad tested negative in the following genotoxicity assays: the in vitro Ames assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assay.
Fertility and reproductive performance were unaffected in male or female rats that received lesinurad at oral doses up to 300 mg/kg/day (approximately 15 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis).
Allopurinol
No evidence of tumorigenicity was observed in male or female mice or rats that received oral allopurinol for the majority of their life spans (greater than 88 weeks) at doses up to 20 mg/kg/day (0.3 and 0.6 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis in mice and rats respectively).
Allopurinol tested negative in the following genotoxicity assays: the in vitro Ames assay, in vitro mouse lymphoma assay, and in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assay.
Oral allopurinol doses of 20 mg/kg/day had no effect on male or female fertility in rats or rabbits (approximately 0.6 or 1.3 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis, respectively).
Clinical Studies
Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol has been studied in hyperuricemic gout patients who have not achieved target serum uric acid levels with allopurinol alone.
There have been no phase 3 clinical trials with DUZALLO. Bioequivalence of DUZALLO to co-administered lesinurad and allopurinol was demonstrated, and efficacy of the combination of allopurinol and lesinurad has been demonstrated in two phase 3 studies (Study 1 and 2).
Lesinurad Add-On to Allopurinol in Inadequate Responders
Both studies were 12-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies in adult patients with hyperuricemia and gout. Patients received prophylaxis for gout flares with colchicine or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during the first 5 months of study treatment. Lesinurad 200 mg and 400 mg once daily in combination with allopurinol were studied. Lesinurad 200 mg is the only recommended lesinurad dose, and is the dose combined with allopurinol in DUZALLO.
Study 1 and Study 2 enrolled patients with gout who were on a stable dose of allopurinol of at least 300 mg (or 200 mg for moderate renal impairment), had a serum uric acid > 6.5 mg/dL, and reported at least 2 gout flares in the prior 12 months. Mean years since gout diagnosis were 12 years. More than half of the patients (61%) had mild or moderate renal impairment and 19% of the patients had tophi. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive lesinurad 200 mg, lesinurad 400 mg, or placebo once daily; all were to continue on their stable allopurinol dose. The majority of patients in these studies received daily allopurinol doses of 200 mg or 300 mg, corresponding to the allopurinol doses contained in DUZALLO. The average dose of allopurinol in the studies was 310 mg (range: 200-900 mg).
As shown in Table 5, lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol was superior to allopurinol alone in lowering serum uric acid to less than 6 mg/dL at Month 6.
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The estimated effect of lesinurad 200 mg on serum uric acid in the subgroup of patients taking thiazide diuretics at baseline was similar to the estimated effect in the overall population. The estimated effect was also similar in the subgroup of patients taking low-dose aspirin at baseline.
As shown in Figure 3, reduction in average serum uric acid levels to < 6 mg/dL was noted for lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol at the Month 1 visit and was maintained throughout the 12-month studies.
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Gout Flares
In Study 1 and Study 2, the rates of gout flare requiring treatment from the end of Month 6 to the end of Month 12 were not statistically different between lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol compared with allopurinol alone.
Use in Patients With Renal Impairment
The estimated differences between lesinurad and placebo in the proportions of patients achieving target serum uric acid levels in the renal impairment subgroups were largely consistent with the results in the overall population in the studies. However, there were limited data in patients with eCLcr less than 45 mL/min and there was a trend toward decreasing magnitude of effect with decreasing renal function. Based on integrated data from Study 1 and Study 2, the estimated difference between lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol and allopurinol alone in the proportion achieving serum uric acid < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 was 10% (95% CI: -17, 37) in those with eCLcr less than 45 mL/min as compared with 27% (95% CI: 9, 45) in the 45 to less than 60 mL/min subgroup and 30% (95% CI: 23, 37) in the 60 mL/min or greater subgroup.
How Supplied
DUZALLO tablets have markings on one side, are plain on the reverse side and are available in the strengths and packages listed in Table 6.
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Storage
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted from 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).
Images
Drug Images
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Package and Label Display Panel
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
To take one tablet of DUZALLO in the morning with food and water.
Not to take a missed dose of DUZALLO later in the day, but to wait to take DUZALLO on the next day, and not to double the dose.
Not to take DUZALLO with ZURAMPIC (lesinurad).
To stay well hydrated (e.g., 2 liters of liquid per day).
Renal Events
Inform patients that renal events including transient increases in blood creatinine level and acute renal failure have occurred in some patients who take DUZALLO. Advise patients that periodic monitoring of blood creatinine levels is recommended.
Serious Skin Reactions
Inform patients that DUZALLO may increase the risk of serious skin side effects such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, which may result in hospitalizations and even death. Although serious skin reactions may occur without warning, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of skin rash and blisters, fever, or other signs of hypersensitivity such as itching and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative signs or symptoms. Advise patients to stop the drug immediately if they develop any type of rash and seek medical attention.
Gout Flares
Inform patients that gout flares may occur after initiation of DUZALLO and of the importance of taking gout flare prophylaxis medication to help prevent gout flares. Advise patients not to discontinue DUZALLO if a gout flare occurs during treatment.
Concomitant Use with Other Medications
Inform patients that use of DUZALLO may increase the risks associated with taking other medications (i.e., coumarin anticoagulants, mercaptopurine, azathioprine and thiazide diuretics) and they should follow the instructions of their healthcare provider.
Ability to Perform Complex Tasks
Patients should be informed that drowsiness has been reported in patients taking allopurinol. Patients should be alerted to the need for due caution when engaging in activities where alertness is mandatory.
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Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
Duzallo
Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Lesinurad / allopurinol (Duzallo) Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.
