Left ventricular aneurysm

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Left ventricular aneurysm
Left ventricular aneurysm.

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Associate Editor in Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

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Overview

Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is a sequela to myocardial infarction which occurrs in 10% to 30% of patients surviving an acute myocardial infarction.

Classification of Left Ventricular Aneurysms

Left ventricular aneurysms are classified as true and false aneurysms. While both true aneurysms and false (pseudo) ventricular aneurysms are the sequelae of myocardial infarction, their etiology, pathologic findings, diagnostic findings, and treatment are different.

True Left Ventricular Aneurysm

A true left ventricular aneurysm has an aneurysmal sac which contains the endocardium, epicardium, and thinned fibrous tissue (scar) that is a remnant of the left ventricular muscle. A true left ventricular aneurysm, particularly if small, may cause few or any symptoms and is compatible with prolonged survival. Rupture of a true aneurysm is relatively uncommon. Surgical resection is therefore only necessary when refractory angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, systemic embolization, or refractory arrhythmias are present.

False Left Ventricular Aneurysm or Pseudoaneurysm

Unlike a true aneurysm, which contains some myocardial elements in its wall, the walls of a false aneurysm are composed of organized hematoma and pericardium and lack any element of the original myocardial wall. A false aneurysmal sac represents a pericardium that contains a ruptured left ventricle. In contrast to true aneurysms, false aneurysms have a greater tendency to rupture and require surgical repair.

Diagnosis

Electrocardiogram

True aneurysms distort the shape of the left ventricle during both diastole and systole, and the motion of the aneurysmal segment is paradoxical. This can be associated with ST changes including ST elevation, particularly at high heart rates as might be encountered during exercise.

Radiographic Findings

(Radiological Images Courtesy of RadsWiki)

Chest X Ray

The presence of a discrete bulge in the heart anteriorly is suggestive of a true aneurysm.

Chest CT Scan

  • True aneurysms will often have a wide neck and are often apical in location.
  • False aneurysms will often have a narrow neck and are often posterior diaphragmatic in loccation.

Pathology Findings

Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission. © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

ACC/AHA Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class IIa

1. It is reasonable that patients with STEMI who develop a ventricular aneurysm associated with intractable ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or pump failure unresponsive to medical and catheterbased therapy be considered for LV aneurysmectomy and CABG surgery. (Level of Evidence: B)

Sources

  • The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [1]
  • The 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [2]

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK (2004). "ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction)". Circulation. 110 (9): e82–292. PMID 15339869. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW; et al. (2008). "2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee". Circulation. 117 (2): 296–329. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209. PMID 18071078. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)