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{{Laryngeal cancer}}
{{Laryngeal cancer}}
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==Overview==
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[laryngeal cancer]] are [[smoking]] [[tobacco]], chewing [[tobacco]], and heavy [[alcohol consumption]].


==Overview==
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Smoking is the most important risk factor for laryngeal cancer. Heavy chronic consumption of [[alcohol]], particularly alcoholic spirits, is also significant. When combined, these two factors appear to have a synergistic effect.
Common [[risk factors]] for the development of [[laryngeal cancer]] include:
Some other quoted risk factors are likely, in part, to be related to prolonged alcohol and tobacco consumption. These include low socioeconomic status, male sex, and age greater than 55 years.
* [[Alcohol]]<ref name="pmid8704646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P |title=Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France |journal=Eur. J. Cancer, B, Oral Oncol. |volume=31B |issue=5 |pages=301–9 |date=September 1995 |pmid=8704646 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9682771">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M |title=Hard liquor drinking is associated with higher risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx than wine drinking. A case-control study in Uruguay |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=99–104 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9682771 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Tobacco]] products<ref name="pmid8704646" /><ref name="pmid9529030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biörklund A, Rutqvist LE |title=Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden |journal=Cancer |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=1367–75 |date=April 1998 |pmid=9529030 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Viral infection]]: [[EBV]]<ref name="pmid10451485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kobayashi I, Shima K, Saito I, Kiyoshima T, Matsuo K, Ozeki S, Ohishi M, Sakai H |title=Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma |journal=J. Pathol. |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10451485 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<34::AID-PATH391>3.0.CO;2-4 |url=}}</ref> ,[[HPV]], [[hepatitis C virus]] (HCV)<ref name="pmid27075854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahale P, Sturgis EM, Tweardy DJ, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Torres HA |title=Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Head and Neck Cancers |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=108 |issue=8 |pages= |date=August 2016 |pmid=27075854 |pmc=5017939 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djw035 |url=}}</ref>, and [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) and [[Herpes]]<ref name="pmid8387664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das CM, Schantz SP, Shillitoe EJ |title=Antibody to a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus in young adult patients with cancer of the head and neck |journal=Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=610–4 |date=May 1993 |pmid=8387664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Immunodeficiency]]: [[HIV]] or solid [[organ transplantation]] has been associated with an increased risk of [[cancer]] in the head and neck region<ref name="pmid23554129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rabinovics N, Mizrachi A, Hadar T, Ad-El D, Feinmesser R, Guttman D, Shpitzer T, Bachar G |title=Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients |journal=Head Neck |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |date=February 2014 |pmid=23554129 |doi=10.1002/hed.23283 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Betel nut]] chewing <ref name="pmid24302487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K |title=Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=1433–43 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24302487 |doi=10.1002/ijc.28643 |url=}}</ref>


People with a previous history of [[head and neck cancer]] are known to be at higher risk (about 25%) of developing a second cancer of the head, neck, or lung. This is mainly because in a significant proportion of these patients, the aerodigestive tract and lung epithelium have been exposed chronically to the carcinogenic effects to alcohol and [[tobacco]]. In this situation, a field change effect may occur, where the epithelial tissues start to become diffusely dysplastic with a reduced threshold for malignant change. This risk may be reduced by quitting alcohol and tobacco.
* Occupational exposure such as [[chromium]] or [[nickel]]<ref name="pmid6747509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olsen J, Sabroe S |title=Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=117–21 |date=June 1984 |pmid=6747509 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, [[asbestos]]<ref name="pmid10658307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I |title=Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=536–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10658307 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27504188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J |title=A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor |journal=Ann Occup Environ Med |volume=28 |issue= |pages=34 |date=2016 |pmid=27504188 |pmc=4976513 |doi=10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3 |url=}}</ref>, [[perchloroethylene]]<ref name="pmid9423585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Davis S, Thomas DB |title=Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=692–5 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9423585 |pmc=1128846 |doi= |url=}}</ref> 


* [[Pesticides]], man-made mineral vitreous fibers (MMMF), [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
* [[Mouthwash]] <ref name="pmid26275006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, Lee YC, Muscat J, Olshan A, Winn DM, Castellsagué X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Purdue M, Koifman S, Curado MP, Vilensky M, Gillison M, Fernandez L, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Schantz S, Yu G, D'Souza G, Haddad RI, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M |title=Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium |journal=Eur. J. Cancer Prev. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=344–8 |date=July 2016 |pmid=26275006 |pmc=4752930 |doi=10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000179 |url=}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omer Kamal, M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of laryngeal cancer are smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and heavy alcohol consumption.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer include:

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P (September 1995). "Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France". Eur. J. Cancer, B, Oral Oncol. 31B (5): 301–9. PMID 8704646.
  2. De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M (March 1998). "Hard liquor drinking is associated with higher risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx than wine drinking. A case-control study in Uruguay". Oral Oncol. 34 (2): 99–104. PMID 9682771.
  3. Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biörklund A, Rutqvist LE (April 1998). "Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden". Cancer. 82 (7): 1367–75. PMID 9529030.
  4. Kobayashi I, Shima K, Saito I, Kiyoshima T, Matsuo K, Ozeki S, Ohishi M, Sakai H (September 1999). "Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma". J. Pathol. 189 (1): 34–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<34::AID-PATH391>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID 10451485.
  5. Mahale P, Sturgis EM, Tweardy DJ, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Torres HA (August 2016). "Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Head and Neck Cancers". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 108 (8). doi:10.1093/jnci/djw035. PMC 5017939. PMID 27075854.
  6. Das CM, Schantz SP, Shillitoe EJ (May 1993). "Antibody to a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus in young adult patients with cancer of the head and neck". Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 75 (5): 610–4. PMID 8387664.
  7. Rabinovics N, Mizrachi A, Hadar T, Ad-El D, Feinmesser R, Guttman D, Shpitzer T, Bachar G (February 2014). "Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients". Head Neck. 36 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1002/hed.23283. PMID 23554129.
  8. Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K (September 2014). "Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control". Int. J. Cancer. 135 (6): 1433–43. doi:10.1002/ijc.28643. PMID 24302487.
  9. Olsen J, Sabroe S (June 1984). "Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer". J Epidemiol Community Health. 38 (2): 117–21. PMID 6747509.
  10. Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I (November 1999). "Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers". Occup Med (Lond). 49 (8): 536–9. PMID 10658307.
  11. Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J (2016). "A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor". Ann Occup Environ Med. 28: 34. doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3. PMC 4976513. PMID 27504188.
  12. Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Davis S, Thomas DB (September 1997). "Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus". Occup Environ Med. 54 (9): 692–5. PMC 1128846. PMID 9423585.
  13. Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, Lee YC, Muscat J, Olshan A, Winn DM, Castellsagué X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Purdue M, Koifman S, Curado MP, Vilensky M, Gillison M, Fernandez L, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Schantz S, Yu G, D'Souza G, Haddad RI, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M (July 2016). "Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium". Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 25 (4): 344–8. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000179. PMC 4752930. PMID 26275006.

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