Japanese encephalitis causes

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Causes

The causative agent, Japanese encephalitis virus is an enveloped virus of the genus flavivirus; it is closely related to the West Nile virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus. All members in the serogroup have avian vertebrate hosts and are vectored by Culex spp mosquitoes. JEV has also occasionally been recovered from Aedes spp mosquitoes. The virus is a 40-50 nm enveloped, positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, with an isometric 30 nm nucleocapsid core. The envelope is spiked with a mature membrane (M) protein and a glycosylated envelope (E) protein which is stabilized by disulfide bonds and comprises three domains (I, II and III) involved in antigenic properties, cell receptor binding and penetration of the virion into the host-cell. Positive-sense single stranded RNA genome is packaged in the capsid, formed by the capsid protein. The outer envelope is formed by envelope (E) protein and is the protective antigen. It aids in entry of the virus to the inside of the cell. The 10,976 bases long single-stranded viral RNA encodes an uninterrupted open reading frame that is translated into a polyprotein precursor eventually processed into capsid (C) pre-M and E structural proteins and into seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, N4a, NS4b, NS5). NS1 is produced as secretory form also. NS3 is a putative helicase, and NS5 is the viral polymerase. It has been noted that the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infects the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and rapidly accumulates substantial amounts of viral proteins for the JEV.